RPC: LESSON 1

Matter

is anything that occupies space and has a mass.

November 8, 1895

The date when the x-ray was discovered.

Mass

is the quantity of matter described by its energy equivalence.

Weight

is the force exerted on the body under the influence of gravity.

9.8 m/s²

Earth's Gravitational Force

1.62 m/s²

Moon's Gravitational Force

Atom

fundamental building blocks of matter.

Energy

is the ability to do work.

Joules (J)

Standard International Unit of Energy

Electron Volts (eV)

Unit of energy used in Radiology.

Potential Energy

is the ability to do work by virtue of position.

PE = mgh

Potential Energy Formula

Kinetic Energy

is the energy of motion.

KE = ½mv²

Kinetic Energy Formula

Chemical Energy

is the energy released by chemical reaction.

Electrical Energy

represents the work that can be done when an electron moves through the electrical potential difference.

Thermal Energy

is the energy of motion at the atomic and molecular level.

Nuclear Energy

The energy contained in the nucleus of an atom.

Electromagnetic Energy

is the energy in x-ray.

E=mc²

Einstein's mass-energy equivalence equation

3×10⁸ m/s

Speed of light in a vacuum

Value of c in miles per second

C=186000mi/s

Radiation

is the transfer and emitted through space in a speed of light.

Ionizing Radiation

is any type of radiation that is capable of removing/ejecting an orbital electron from the atom with which it interacts.

Examples of Ionizing Radiation

1. x-ray 2. gamma ray 3. UV light

Examples of Particle Type Ionizing Radiation

1. Alpha particle 2. Beta particle

Non-Ionizing Radiation

is the type of low-energy radiation that does not have enough energy to remove an electron from an atom or molecule.

Examples of Non-Ionizing Radiation

Radiowave, Microwave, Infrared, Visible light

Ionization

occurs when an x-ray passes close to an orbital electron of an atom and transfers sufficient energy to the electron to remove it from the atom.

Ion Pair

Combination of a negative and positive ion.

Natural Environmental Radiation

measured at 295 mrem.

Cosmic Ray Radiation

Radiation from sun and stars, 29 mrem.

Terrestrial Radiation

Radiation from uranium and thorium, 29 mrem.

Internal Radionuclides

Radiation from potassium-40, 39 mrem.

Radon

Radioactive gas from uranium decay, 198 mrem.

Alpha Particles

Non-penetrating radiation emitted by radon.

Man-made Radiation

Artificial radiation sources, 60-65 mrem total.

Diagnostic X-ray

Medical imaging source, 39 mrem exposure.

Nuclear Medicine

Uses radioactive substances, 14 mrem exposure.

Consumer Products Radiation

Radiation from items like smoke detectors, 10 mrem.

Industrial Radiation

Radiation from power plants, 2 mrem exposure.

Crookes Tube

Early device for producing X-rays, invented by William Crookes.

Fluorescence

Emission of visible light during stimulation.

First Radiograph

Taken on February 26, 1896, of Roentgen's wife.

Intensifying Screen

Reduces x-ray exposure by over 90%.

Zinc caduim sulfide and calcium tungstate

fluoroscopy consist of 1800 other materials, including?

Clarence Dally

he is counted as the first x-ray fatality

1904

Clarence dally died in the year?

Fluoroscopy

Provides moving images using x-ray technology.

Potter-Bucky Grid

Introduced in 1921 for improved imaging.

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Maps brain function using magnetic fields.

ALARA Principle

As Low As Reasonably Achievable radiation exposure.

Cardinal Principles

Time, distance, and shielding for radiation safety.

Filtration

Lowers patient dose by absorbing low energy x-rays.

Collimator

Restricts x-ray beam and reduces scatter.

Protective Apparel

Lead-impregnated clothing for radiation protection.

Gonadal Shielding

Protects reproductive organs during x-ray exams.

Protective Barrier

Lead-lined barrier with a glass window.

Ten Commandments of Radiation Protection

Guidelines for safe radiation practices.