Further reading

Genomics Sanger Sequencing Next Generation Sequencing TGS Illumina sequencing Gene editing CRISPR-Cas9 RNAi TALENS Stem Cells Adult Embryo Induced Antibodies Teplizumab ELISA

Sanger Sequencing

It was used in the Human Genome Project, an international research collaboration that mapped and sequenced the human genome from 1990 to 2003, to determine the sequences of relatively small fragments of human DNA (900 bp or less).

Next Generation Sequencing 

the immense volume of data generated by NGS can strain computational resources, leading to data storage and processing challenges. Effective data management strategies and powerful computing infrastructure are essential to handle NGS data efficiently.

TGS Illumina sequencing

the AmpliSeq for Illumina Custom DNA Panel provides the best workflow and is compatible with DesignStudio for customizable content. Library preparation is about 5.5 hours with 1.5 hours of hands-on work.

the AmpliSeq for Illumina On-Demand when looking for panels of pre-tested genomes. It’s perfect for inherited research, such as hearing loss or inherited cancers

CRISPR-Cas9

It has been used in a 2013 study to correct the F508del allele mutation in the CFTR protein that causes cystic fibrosis (CF) by removing a single amino acid. The study found that the corrected allele was fully functional and expressed in the organoids.

RNAi

RNAi has been used to target the X gene of Hepatitis B Virus and to inhibit HIV-encoded RNAs. Gene-based RNAi approaches can have enduring effects and potentially be a once-off treatment but high expression levels of gene-based RNAi can lead to lethal toxicity.

TALENS

a genome editing tool that can target any sequence in a genome, unlike CRISPR-Cas9 technology which is restricted by PAM sites. However, multiplexing and feasibility of library generation and transformation for genome-wide screens are more challenging in comparison to CRISPR

Computational Biology

Breaches in biobanking can make data vulnerable to abuse. Gene editing can lead to biological attack or bioterrorism, the intentional release of viruses, bacteria, or other germs that can sicken or kill people.

Adult Stem Cells

Therapeutic cloning of stem cells from a patient can be a good option for burn victims, as stem cell treatment can speed up healing, reduce risk of infection, and regenerate the skin. A systematic review found that stem cell therapy significantly improved burn healing rates, regardless of the type of transplant, burn area, or treatment method. Hair follicle stem cells seemed to be more effective than other stem cells, and stem cell therapy was more effective for second-degree burns than third-degree burns

Embryonic Stem Cells

Soria et al. [2] successfully induced ESCs to differentiate into pancreatic β cells by a cell-trapping system, a technique that isolates and immobilizes cells in specific locations. However, this is a complicated process with genetic manipulation.

The use of embryos in stem cell research in the UK

must be authorized by the Human Fertilisation and Embryo Authority (HFEA). Licences are only granted if the HFEA is satisfied that any proposed use of embryos is absolutely necessary for the research.

The use of embryos in stem cell research in the EU and USA.

outlined in the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act (1990) and the subsequent Human Fertilisation and Embryology (Research Purposes) Regulations 2001.

induced pluripotent stem cells

Like any cell, iPSCs derived from any individual will inherently contain a vast amount of private information (DNA) which,
if used carelessly, may violate law, morality, and privacy of individuals. The main drawback of this method is its low yield. In ten experiments the yield varied from 1 to 29 iPSC colonies per ten million fibroblasts.

ChIP assays

An example product is Imprint Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Kit that gives a complete ChIP reaction in 6 hours in flexible strip well format

Teplizumab 

A monoclonal antibody approved by the FDA in November 2022 for to delay the onset of type 1 diabetes in patients aged 8 and older. The antibodies are delivered through a daily infusion for 12 days. It modifies T cells by binding to CD3 to prolong the pancreas' ability to create insulin

ELISA

ELISA can detect very low concentrations of biomolecules, including proteins, antibodies, and cytokines, and can distinguish between similar molecules. This enhances the reliability and precision of ELISA in diagnosing diseases, monitoring conditions, and detecting pathogens.