Chapter 4: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

What are the most common prokaryotic cell shapes?

coccus, bacillus, spirillum, spirochete

What type of bacteria maintain a single consistent shape (most bacteria are)?

monomorphic

What type of bacteria can exist in many forms?

pleomorphic

What type of spiral shaped prokaryotes are rigid and have cells that move via an external flagella?

spirilla

What type of spiral shaped prokaryotes are flexible and have cells that move via an endoflagella?

spirochete

The gelatinous and sticky layer external to the cell wall of a bacteria

glycocalyx

What type of glycocalyx is thick and made of carbs (polysaccharides)

capsule

What type of glycocalyx is thin and made of proteins (polypeptides)

slime layer

The ingestion and digestion of microorganisms and other solid particles

phagocytosis

The flagella (bacteria tail) is made up of what type of protein?

flagellin

The endoflagella is also known as:

axial filaments

The hair-like appendages external to the cell that allow for attachment

fimbrae

What type of pili allow for DNA transfer from one cell to another?

conjugation pili

What type of bacteria have more peptidoglycan in their cell walls

Gram Positive

What type of bacteria have less peptidoglycan in their cell walls

Gram Negative

The major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria’s cell wall

lipopolysaccharides

What type of bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer but no outer membrane?

Gram Positive

What type of bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer with an LPS outer membrane?

Gram Negative

The site of ATP production and photosynthesis in a prokaryotic cell

plasma membrane

What is it called when the membrane only allows certain molecules and ions to pass through?

selective permeability

Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis are all examples of what type of transport?

passive

Active transport requires energy in the form of:

ATP

Water will go where there are more particles.

true

A solution with the same particle concentration inside vs outside the cell

isotonic

A solution with low particle concentration outside of the cell

hypotonic

A solution with high particle concentration outside of the cell

hypertonic

The organelle that all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells contain?

ribosomes

What is the site of protein synthesis in cells?

ribosomes

The circular thread of DNA that carries the cell’s genetic information?

bacterial chromosome

Where is the bacterial chromosome found in a prokaryotic cell?

nucleoid

Small, circular extrachromosomal strands of DNA that can replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome:

plasmids

Structures that store reserve materials in the cytoplasm

inclusion bodies

Which inclusion body is a phosphate reserve used in ATP synthesis?

metachromatic granules

Which inclusion bodies are enzyme reserves involved in photosynthesis?

carboxyomes

The formation of endospores (entering dormant/resting stage)?

sporulation

The process of an endospore returning into its active cell state

germination

The dormant/resting form and protective structure produced by some bacteria to survive harsh conditions

endospore

The ingestion of fluids and dissolved substances from the cell membrane

pinocytosis

The double membrane structure that contains the chlorophyll pigments needed for photosynthesis

chloroplasts

Which organelle is involved in cellular respiration and contains its own DNA?

mitochondria

Prefix for a pair of prokaryotic cells

diplo-

Prefix for clusters of prokaryotic cells

staphylo-

Prefix for chain of prokaryotic cells

strepto-

Prefix for a group of 4 prokaryotic cells

tetra-

Prefix for a group of 8 prokaryotic cells

sarcina-

Rigid, short/thick loosely coiled cells

spirilla

Flexible, long/thin, tightly-coiled cells

spirochete

The layer that is external to the cell wall and helps bacteria escape phogocytosis

glycocalyx

Anything that is antibody-generating

antigen

Outermost region of flagellum

filament

Part of flagella that attaches to the filament

hook

Anchors flagellum into the cell wall and plasma membrane

basal body

Rows of carbohydrates connected to proteins, found in the cell wall

peptidoglycan

Component of LPS that functions as an endotoxin

Lipid A

Component of LPS that functions as an antigen

O Polysaccahride

What type of ribosomes are found in prokaryotes?

70s ribosomes

What type of ribosomes are found in eukaryotes?

80s ribosomes

Genus Mycobacteria, Genus Mycoplasma, and Domain Archaea all contain

atypical cell walls

Phosphate reserve, used in ATP Synthesis

metachromatic granules

Enzyme reserves involved in photosynthesis

carboxyomes

This eukaryotic structure is capable of endocytosis

cell membrane

Sites of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells (have ribosomes)

rough ER

Sites of fat and hormone synthesis in eukaryotic cells (no ribosomes)

smooth ER

Sorts and packages proteins from ER

golgi complex

Only found in animal cells, contain digestive enzymes

lysosomes

Formed by Golgi complex and brings food into the cell

vacuoles