AP Psychology Chapter 8 - Psychological Disorders

acute Schizophrenia

a form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to an emotionally traumatic event, and has extended recovery periods; fast/rapid onset

agoraphobia

fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide-open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic.

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintain a starvation diet despite being significantly (15 percent or more) underweight.

antisocial personality disorder

a personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

anxiety disorders

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

autism spectrum disorder

features of these disorders include social deficits and communication difficulties, stereotyped or repetitive behaviors and interests, sensory issues, and in some cases, cognitive delays.

Beck Triad Theory of Depression

Negative thoughts about (1) self, (2) world, (3) future

binge-eating disorder

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging or fasting that marks bulimia nervosa.

bipolar disorder

a mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the over-excited state of mania. (Formerly called manic-depressive disorder.)

body dysmorphic disorder

is a type of chronic mental illness in which you can't stop thinking about a flaw in your appearance — a flaw that is either minor or imagined. But to you, your appearance seems so shameful that you don't want to be seen by anyone.

borderline personality disorder

a personality disorder that causes emotional instability, relationship problems, a low sense of self-worth, and fear of abandonment. Other common symptoms include intense problems managing anger and recurring self-harming or suicidal behaviors.

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) with purging (by vomiting or laxative use) or fasting.

chronic Schizophrenia

a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten; slow/delayed onset

conversion disorder

a disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found.

delusions

false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.

Depression Cycle

1. Stressful experience; 2. Negative Explanatory Style; 3. Depressed Mood; 4.Cognitive & behavioral changes.

dissociative amnesia

Person blocks out certain information, usually associated with a stressful or traumatic event, leaving him or her unable to remember important personal information.

dissociative disorders

disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociate) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder.

DSM-5

the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.

flat affect

The display of little or no emotion—a common negative symptom of schizophrenia.No emotion or inflection in tone when speaking

generalized anxiety disorder

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

hallucination

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.

histrionic personality disorder

a personality disorder in which a person needs to be the center of attention; is easily influenced by others.

illness anxiety disorder

a disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease.

Major Depressive Disorder with Seasonal Pattern

Experience depressive symptoms in winter months; sleeping too much; low energy levels; depressed mood

major depressive disorder

a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with fi ve or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure.

mania

a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.

MAUD

Maladaptive, Atypical, Unjustifiable, Disturbing

medical model

the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.

mood disorders

psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes. See major depressive disorder, mania, and bipolar disorder.

narcissistic personality disorder

a personality disturbance characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-importancePeople with these disorders have intense, unstable emotions and a distorted self-image. Further characterized by an abnormal love of self, an exaggerated sense of superiority and importance, and a preoccupation with success and power.

negative symptoms of Schizophrenia

toneless voice; expressionless face; rigid body; lack of personal hygiene; social withdrawal

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions).

panic disorder

an anxiety disorder that consists of sudden, overwhelming attacks of terroran anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations. Often followed by worry over a possible next attack.

Persistent Depression Disorder

A chronic, milder form of Depression; symptoms less severe but longer lasting; sufferer may go undiagnosed, believing depressed state is their natural characterA chronic, milder form of Depression; symptoms less severe but longer lasting; sufferer may go undiagnosed, believing depressed state is their natural character

personality disorders

psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.

phobia

an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation.

positive symptoms of Schizophrenia

disorganized speech; inappropriate emotions; delusions; hallucinations

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

psychological disorder

a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior.

Psychosis/Psychotic

a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions

schizophrenia

a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions

David Rosenhan Study

Researcher sent eight healthy individuals to hospital, complaining of hearing voices saying "empty, dull, thud." They were admitted and given treatment, even when "voices" were no longer present. Proved concern for labeling and admittance.

social anxiety disorder

intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such. (Formerly called social phobia.)

somatic symptom disorder

psychological disorders in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause.

The 3 D's

Deviant, distressful, dysfunctional

The Biopsychosocial Approach

Assumes that biological, socio-cultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders.

binge eating disorder

a disorder characterized by compulsive overeating