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Primary structure
Amino acid sequence
Secondary structure
Local regions for structures like alpha helix or beta sheets
Tertiary structure
Final 3-d structure of the protein
Quaternary structure
Multiple proteins coming together
Secondary structures:
Alpha helix and beta sheets for by hydrogen bonds
The alpha helix and beta sheets are formed by hydrogen bonds, where does the hydrogen come from
The hydrogen on the nitrogen involved in the peptide bond with the oxygen from the carbonyl
Properties of the alpha helix
Hydrophobic because the side chains all point outward and they are all hydrophobic
Side chains in a beta sheet
Alternate direction, with one row pointing in and then the next row pointing out
Helix breaking amino acid
Proline
Multiple secondary structures come together to form the ____
Tertiary structure
What happens when 2 helixes come together
They wrap together to keep their hydrophobic side chains on the inside and minimize the contact with aqueous environment; like a ZIPPER
proteins that have a mechanical or structural role
Collagen
Elastin
Collagen
Triple helix which give structure to skin and bone
Antibodies
Proteins which bind to antigens and the clump together to make a star
Helps immune system
Enzyme catalysts
Lower activation energy to make a reaction happen
How do enzymes speed up reactions
Stabilizing (lowering energy) of transition state of the reaction
How can enzymes catalyze using orientation
It can bind to the substrate and position them in such a way that encourages a reaction between the two
How can enzyme catalyze using partial charges
Sometimes the binding of the enzyme to the substrate causes the electrons to rearrange and form delta (-) and (+) charges that favor a reaction
How can enzymes catalyze using positional strain
The enzyme binds to the substrate and orients it in a way so that the substrate structure is stressed and forcing it towards a transition state to start the reaction
Active site
The part of the enzyme that binds to the substrate
Note 
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