Angiosperms

with over 250,000 known species, the flowering plants aka the _______ are the largest and most diverse group in the Plant Kingdom

angiosperms

Angiosperms get their name based on the fact that they have an inrolled leaf called a ______, with seeds found along its margins

carpel

the term angiosperm is derived from two greek words: angeion, meaning vessel, and sperma, meaning ____

seed

which of the following statements best distinguishes gymnosperms from angiosperms?

angiosperms have their ovules and seeds enclosed in a structure

the magnoliophyta is divided into two large classes, the ______ (dicots) and the ______ (monocots)

magnoliopsida (dicots), liliopsida (monocots)

most scientists agree that flowers evolved to take advantage of

motile animals in the reproductive process

modern botanists hypothesize that a flower is really a modified

stem bearing modified leaves

the most primitive flowers are thought to have a long receptacle and

many undifferentiated, spirally arranged parts

growth forms of phylum Magnoliophyta

shrubs

trees

epiphytes

all palms

flowering plants are said to be _______ if they steal food and water from the phloem and xylem of their host plant

parasitic

like the gymnosperms, the angiosperms produce two types of spores, and therefore are called

heterosporous

female gametophyte

wholly enclosed within sporophyte tissue and reduced to only a few cells

male gametophyte

consists of a pollen grain with three nuclei

events that lead to the production of eight haploid nuclei in a large megaspore

1. the diploid megasporocyte undergoes meiosis, producing four haploid megaspores

2. one megaspore survives, enlarges, and divides its nucleus by mitosis

3. while the megaspore is enlarging, its two haploid nuclei divide

4. the resulting four nuclei divide yet again

after three rounds of mitosis, the now large megaspore had 8 haploid nuclei

as integuments develop inside the flower bud, they leave a pore, called the _____, at one end of the ovule

micropyle

t/f the angiosperm female gametophyte contains seven cells with seven distinct nuclei

false

developing anthers contain four patches of cells that contain many diploid

microsporocytes

the four pollen sacs found within a developing anther are lined with nutritive ________ cells

tapetal

as the microspore divides, it produced several important features, including the

two layered wall

generative cell

tube cell

the pollen grain may germinate if the chemicals in the exine react with the chemicals found in the _____ of a flower

stigma

the sculpturing of which pollen grain feature is so unique that it may be used for identifying the species from which the pollen came from?

exine

in mature pollen grain, which of the following divides to form two nuclei that function as sperm cells?

generative nucleus

pollination differs from fertilization in that it is simply the

transfer of pollen to a stigma

in some species, self-pollination may occur, in which

pollen grains germinate on the stigma of the same flower in which they were produced

in most plants, after pollination, the male gametophyte will not develop further unless the pollen grain is from a

1 from a different plant of the same species

2 from a variety of different from that of the flower receiving it

if conditions are suitable, a pollen tube will grow out of an aperture and ultimately end up at the

ovule

the pollen tube discharges its contents into the female gametophyte, destroying which part in the process?

synergid

double _____ describes the events in which one sperm fuses with the egg, and the other fuses with the central nuclei in angiosperms

fertilization

which of the following is a nutritive tissue unique to angiosperms that provides food to developing embryos?

endosperm

generally speaking, which angiosperm has several members in which the endosperm tissue makes up an extensive part of the seed?

monocots

integument becomes

seed coat

ovule becomes

seed

ovary becomes

fruit

approximately what percentage of angiosperms produce an endosperm with other than a triploid nucleus

30%

some plant embryos develop apomictically, which is to say without

function of gametes

fruits that form ovaries having unfertilized eggs are said to be

parthenocarpic

which of the following may bring about artificial parthenocarpy?

applying specific hormone sprays to flowers

it is important for botanists to recognize plant relationships based on _____ because otherwise, they might not recognize the accurate lineage or shared family characteristics

evolution

although the information is incomplete the fossil record suggests angiosperms first appeared about how many millions of years ago?

160 MYA

botanists hypothesize the primitive angiosperms had which type of flower?

flowers with numerous parts that were not fused to each other

since flowers first appeared in the jurassic period, flower parts have tended to become

fewer in number

more advanced flowers have tended to become ______ symmetrical

bilaterally

if a flower has all four whorls, then it is said to be

complete

regardless of whether it is complete or incomplete, a flower is said to be _____ if it has both stamens and pistils?

perfect

when male and female imperfect flowers occur on separate plants, the species is said to be

dioecious

after three successive rounds of mitosis in a developing flower bud, the megaspore is many times larger than its original volume, and it contains

eight haploid nuclei

which event does not lead to formation of a pollen grain?

the sculptures exine contains chemicals that interact with the stigma

in most angiosperms, the pollen tube's journey usually does not take longer than two

days

organisms that may be dried and stores in an herbarium

plants

algae

fungi