infancy midterm chapter 1 review

Baumrind: Parental authority

3 main parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive. Balance of responsiveness and demandingness.

Bandura: social learning theory

People learn through observation of others. Highlighted that learning is not through only direct experience, 4 stage learning process: attention, retention, reproduction, motivation.

H&H affectional system

Contact comfort and emotional security. Showed the importance in security and closeness in children

Piaget stages

4 stages: Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. Represent a qualitative shift in how children think, reason, and understand the world.

Sensorimotor stage

Birth- 2 years. Children learn through sensory experiences and manipulating objects. Object permanence and goal directed actions.

Preoperational stage

2-7 years. Children develop language and symbolic thought. Struggles to see other perspectives and think intuitively rather than logically.

Concrete operational stage

7-11 years. Children begin to think logically about concrete events, and grasp concepts like observation

Formal operational stage

Ages 12+: adolescents and adults can think abstractly, use deductive reasoning, and apply logic to hypothetical situations.

Behaviorism

Humans and animals can be taught through Conditioning

Cognitive-devlopmental theory

Piagets theory, children move in 4 stages, building mental models through assimilation

Cognitive developmental neuroscience

examines how the human brain’s structure and function change to support cognitive, social, and emotional development from infancy through adolescence. integrates neuroscience with psychology to study how experience-dependent plasticity and structural changes

Developmental social neuroscience

investigates how the brain develops to support social behavior and socioemotional growth from infancy through adolescence and into adulthood. It merges developmental psychology with cognitive neuroscience to understand how neural systems (e.g., in emotion, face processing, and social learning) interact with social experiences, genetics, and environment.

Ecological systems theory

human development is influenced by the surrounding environment, which is organized into five nested, interconnected systems: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem

Information processing

Information processing is

the cognitive mechanism by which the brain receives, analyzes, stores, and retrieves stimuli from the environment,often likened to a computer's operation. It involves key stages—input, sensory memory, short-term/working memory, and long-term memory—working together to process information through serial or parallel, attention-driven processes

Nature-nurture controversy

explores whether human behavior, personality, and health are determined by genetics (nature) or environmental factors (nurture)

Plasticity

The brains capacity to change

Psychoanalytic perspective

focuses on how the unconscious mind, early childhood experiences, and instinctual drives shape personality and behavior. ID, Ego, Superego

psychosexual theory

Freud. personality develops through five distinct childhood stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital), where pleasure-seeking energy (libido) focuses on specific erogenous zones

Psychosocial

Erik Erickson. personality develops in eight predetermined stages from infancy through adulthood, with each stage featuring a core conflict between psychological needs and social demands

Resilience

the ability to adapt to adversity, trauma, or significant stress, enabling individuals to bounce back, cope, and often grow stronger after difficult experiences.

Sensitive period

specific, limited developmental windows, mostly from birth to age 6, when a child’s brain is highly receptive to acquiring particular skills like language, order, or movement

Applied behavior analysis

an evidence-based, scientific approach to understanding and modifying behavior, primarily used to support individuals with autism and developmental disabilities

Cohort effects

a change in a variable—such as health, behavior, or personality—that characterizes individuals born at a particular time (a "cohort"), independent of the aging process

Correlational design

a non-experimental research method that measures the statistical relationship between two or more variables without manipulating them. It identifies trends, patterns, and the strength of associations (positive, negative, or none) using a correlation coefficient. This design observes data in natural settings, often when experimental manipulation is unethical or impractical.

Ethnography

the scientific description of the customs of individual peoples and cultures.

Longitudinal design

a research method that tracks the same individuals or variables repeatedly over an extended period—ranging from months to decades—to observe changes, trends, and developments

Naturalistic observation

a research method involving the systematic study of subjects—humans or animals—in their natural environment without interference or manipulation.

Structured interview

a standardized assessment method where every candidate is asked the same set of predetermined, job-related questions in the same order, with responses rated using a consistent scoring system

Structured observation

a systematic, quantitative research method where researchers use pre-defined categories and checklists to record specific behaviors in controlled or natural settings