Materials Exam 3

Advantage of “associative” digital models (Parametric Models)

Allows designers to work collectively on a single model where design changes can be updated quickly, and all members of the design team can review changes.

What is Parametric Design?

Design in which the parameters are declared, not its shape. Equations and rules are used to describe relationships between objects, thus defining an associative geometry.

What is strategic manipulation?

The ability for users to change the values of key parameters, and to observe the propagation of changes on dependent expression, and hence upon the dependent geometry.

What is the relationship between 3D digital models and the built enviorment?

The correspondence between the output of the computer and the automated fabrication devices.

What does CNC stand for?

Computer Numerical Control

What is the importance of CNC?

It enabled the precise physical manifestation of parametric modeling through digital code.

What is the main advantage of digital fabrication?

Mass Customization: It allows for a greater diversity in building form, detail, and proportion and provides a combination of creative solutions achieved at a similar efficiency to mass-production.

Digital fabrication overcomes the ______ of Modernity and without loss of ______.

Repetitiousness, productivity.

What are the three main broad categories of Digital Fabrication?

Additive processes, subtractive processes, and bending.

What are the three types of Additive processes discussed in class?

SLA, SLS, FDM

What does SLA stand for and what is it?

Stereolithography apparatus

Layers of liquid material are hardened by UV light

What does SLS stand for and what is it?

Selective Laser Sintering

Lasers are used to sinter powder-based materials together layer-by-layer to form a solid model.

What does FDM stand for and what is it?

Fuse Deposition Modeling

Deposits melted filament over a build platform layer-by-layer

What is the Porter House?

The renovation and conversion of a 6-story 30,000 sq. ft renaissance revival warehouse to residential condominiums by an 20,000 sq. ft addition that added four stories and a 8' cantilever on the South side with custom fabricated zinc panel system for the facade and floor to ceiling windows

What type of metal is used in the Porter House?

ANTHROA-ZINC Sheet Metal

How was the Zinc wall panel cladding system of the Porter House made?

Custom designed, laser etched zinc metal sheets

The Porter House's zinc rain screen emerges from a family of profile types, from which there are _ versions of profiles, yielding ____ total panels.

15, 150, 3800

How were the variations in the Porter House’s zinc cladding achieved?

By cutting and bending each profile type of panel differently.

How did ShOP fit in the Porter House with the surrounding enviorment?

They designed with high importance on creating an ambiance of complexity and randomness.

What are the benefits of BIM?

Fabrication gains, enhanced installation time, and accuracy in the production of varying panel elements and material use efficiency.

What were the sizes of the zinc sheets used to construct the panels for the Porter House?

36” x 118”

What software was used to design and fabricate the Porter House?

Rhino and Solidworks.

How were the Sioux City Bus Stops made?

Laster-cute metal and prefabrication.

What program does the 12 floors of the Mulberry House contain?

Ground-floor retail space, 8 full-floor residences, and a three-story rooftop penthouse apartment.

What were the facade requirements of the Mulberry house?

Brick, so that it would match the neighborhood and compliment the historical facades.

How was the facade of the Mulberry House made?

Precast system through a mold with a veneer of brick tied to a concrete panel structure.

What are the benefits of precasting?

Saves time and labor costs, allows for a higher level of quality from constructing in factory conditions, and enables parts to be preassembled and stored in preparation for construction.

How did SHoP Architects sought ways to advance the prefabricated construction system for the Mulberry House?

By creating a 3:2 proportional undulating brick pattern that produces patterns of light and shadow due to them being offset 3/4 of an inch

How many different precast elements does the Mulberry House have due to its pattern?

8

How was the mold for the Mulberry House made?

CNC routed from a synthetic surface that holds the brick in position and allows the concrete to get in between the bricks to look like mortar, but easily releases the precast from the mold without adhering to the concrete

How was the tapered section of the mold for the Mulberry House made?

it was constructed as an extension to the mold step in the precast

Why are there voids and steel anchors embedded in the precast panels of the Mulberry House?

To reduce its overall weight (to allow lifting into position and for maximum undulation) and affix to the concrete structure.

How was the sills on the Mulberry House made?

They were cast from an additional mold and bonded to the larger unit after it had been struck from the mold

How was the mold for the Mulberry House used?

Concrete was poured into the mold to the brim and sets in between the anchors of the brick veneer.

What type of masonry bond was imitated by the Mulberry House and how did they produce the effect?

Flemish bond, bricks were stacked into the mold and arranged to turn the corners to look like whole bricks and maintain the appearance

How were different finishes achieved on the precast panels of the Mulberry House?

Special bricks were designed to provide a finish to concrete panels

How was the construction process of the facade of the Mulberry House expressed?

Through the visible gaps between panels

What is GFRP?

Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer

What is FRP?

Fiber Reinforced Polymer

What are the advantages of FRP?

Much lighter than GFRP, which then in turn reduces the amount of structure needed and the size of the foundations

What was the significance of Snohetta's expansion to the SFMOMA?

A new art experience and gateway into the city of San Francisco that would engage with its local conditions and communities in a proactive and welcoming way.

How was Snohetta's expansion to the SFMOMA weatherproofed?

Each contoured rain screen panel would be attached to a flat backing structure that was then attached to a unitized wall panel by Enclos that included a vapor barrier, insulation, and weather barrier for the building

What comprises the facade of Snohetta's expansion to the SFMOMA?

700 uniquely shaped lightweight FRP rainscreen panels with variable surfaces and flat backs affixed to a unitized curtain-wall system by Enclos to create rippling horizontal bands, but was originally intended on being GFRC but was deemed too heavy

What was the facade of Snohetta's expansion to the SFMOMA inspired by?

the nearby water of the San Francisco Bay

The lightness of the panels of Snohetta's expansion to the SFMOMA eliminated more than , kg of secondary steel structure, but still required a ______ ______ ______ ______ ______

450,000; secondary aluminum panel framing system

How many panels was Snohetta's expansion to the SFMOMA composed of and how big are they?

700 panels, up to 1.5m wide by 9m long totaling 7804 m^2, forming the 10-story contoured facade

What is a curtain wall?

Typically designed as cladding materials that are framed and fixed in place by extruded aluminum components and enclosed by a 203mm thick aluminum frame

What are the two types of curtain walls?

Stick systems and Unitized systems

What are stick systems?

Built from long prefabricated vertical extrusions (mullions) attached to building structure with shorter horizontal extrusions between the vertical mullions to create the frames in which the cladding materials are installed in at the site

What are Unitized Systems?

A newer adaption of curtain wall technology that reduces the amount of liability and subcontractors needed due to splitting the horizontal and vertical framing members, as each independently framed unit can be assembled and glazed in a factory

What are the advantages of a Unitized curtain wall system?

They can be computer-modeled and designed to span multiple floors or multiple horizontal modules and can incorporate multiple cladding elements such as operable vents and windows, as the fabrication and assembly is done in a controlled factory setting and then shipped and hung onto the building

How does the facade of Snohetta's expansion to the SFMOMA change throughout the day?

Silicate crystals from Monterey Bay were embedded in the surfaces of the panels to catch the changing light and cause the facade to shift in appearance throughout the day.

How was the skin of Snohetta's expansion to the SFMOMA made?

NURBS surface computer modelling technique lofted a surface between two NURBS lines to create the undulating surface, which was then CNC routed into molds to cast the skin

What is special about the allowance of the facade of Snohetta's expansion to the SFMOMA?

It was the first time a composite system passed the rigorous fire regulation testing that permits its use above the fourth story on a high rise exterior in the U.S.

When did the International Code Council's International Building Code approve the use of FRP in composites in unitized panels?

2009

What is Fireshield 285?

A FRP system that passes the NFPA 285 fire-resistance certification allowed economical use on buildings taller than 12m

What was the design process for Snohetta's expansion to the SFMOMA?

Work with Kreysler & Associates during preproduction with over a year of design development, during which they enlisted and retained subcontractors through a design assist contract.

What is EPS foam?

Expanded Polystyrene Foam

How was color consistency achieved at Snohetta's expansion to the SFMOMA?

All of the sand for the gel coat was purchased at once

Where were the panels for Snohetta's expansion to the SFMOMA stored during construction and why?

A nearby building leased by Enclos, as the CNC machine only molds four molds for the unique panels per day but the contractors were installing 19 panels per day.

What is GFRC?

Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete, 1" thick cementitious skin reinforced with alkali resistant glass fibers, and attached to a metal stud frame system, which can be formed into light and ornate shapes

What is the facade for Aranda/Lasch's Miami Tom Ford Flagship store made out of?

Molded GFRC panels

How is Aranda/Lasch's Miami Tom Ford Flagship store weather proofed?

Environmental barrier is angled back from the site boundary and rainscreen is applied around openings, as the GFRC panels fan out above the building's street level retail which creates angular recessed storefront coffers.

What was the fabrication and installation process for the panels of Aranda/Lasch's Miami Tom Ford Flagship store?

Made by CNC routing a zig-zag flexible and reusible base from ply with angled blocking elements to define end profiles and gaps for lighting from high density foam inserts. Then, a fine concrete finish is sprayed into it and then followed by a mix of concrete and glass fiber which is then epoxy glued to a steel frame using steel rods. They are then broken down and shipped based on panel sizes, then installed with a crane and cherry picker from the steel frame on the back to the building structure. Finally, the faceted panels and lighting are installed.

What is GFRC composed of?

100 parts Portland Cement
100 Silica Sand
12-14 Forton F VF-774
Plasticizer
Glass Fiber