Human Development Final Exam

Agonal phase of death

rattled breathing sound, gasps and muscle spasms

clinical death

more often, interval in heartbeat but resuscitation still possible

Mortality (biological death)

permanent death

What does “death with dignity” involve?

support, compassionate care, respect, open communication, personal over end of life choice

At what age do most children understand the finality of death?

by age 6

What factors help children’s understanding of death?

experience with death, cultural practices, religious teaching, sensitive discussion with adults

how do adolescents typically view death?

understand death logically but emotional struggle

what is symbolic immortality?

the sense that you live through children, work, culture or other legacies

What are the five coping strategies from Kubler-Ross’s theory?

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

What are the three common places of death?

home, hospital, nursing home

Why is home the most preferred place for death?

intimacy, loving care

What does hospice care focused on?

care provided by a team including a doctor, nurse or home health aid, counselor or social worker, chaplain

how can a patient be admitted to hospice?

patients must have a terminal illness signed on by two doctors showing that they have 6 months to live

What is palliative care?

medical care focused on pain relief rather than cure

What are advance medical directives"?

written statement of desired medical treatment in case of incurable disease

living will

specifies desired treatments

Durable power of attorney

authorizes another person to make health-care decisions on one’s behalf

what is medical aid in dying

A doctor prescribes lethal dose of medication that patient use to end life

what are the typical demographics

cancer patients age 65+, enrolled in hospice

why would people consider medical aid

concerned about loss of autonomy, reduced capacity, loss of dignity

what are the conditions by American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine must medical aid patients must meet?

access to optimal palliative care, full decision-making capacity, consideration of reasonable alternatives

What is anticipatory grieving?

emotional preparation for death

for parents who are grieving the loss of a child:

risk of marital breakup tends to increase over time

Levinson describes middle adulthood starts with

transitional period

What is Erikson’s final psychological stage in late adulthood?

ego integrity vs. despair

What does achieving ego integrity mean?

feeling, whole, complete and satisfied with achievement

what feelings are associated with despair in late adulthood?

regret, bitterness, fear of death, anger

what is gerotranscendence?

transcendent view of life focused on inner calm and reflection

Who coined the term Geotranscendence?

Joan Erikson

self-focused reminiscence

linked to adjustment problems

other- focused reminiscence

strengthens relationships

knowledge focused reminiscence

shares effective problem-solving strategies and teaches other

what is life review reminiscence?

aim at greater self-understanding often counselor led

what are the advantages life review?

increased self-esteem, sense of purpose, reduced depression

what is the third age?

The period from age 65-70 marked by personal fulfillment, self-realization and satisfaction

what is dependency in late adulthood?

reinforced dependent behavior that can reduce autonomy

the strongest risk factor for late-life depression is

chronic disease

how does social support impact older adults?

reduce stress, improves psychological well being, increase lifespan

What is continuity theory?

effort to maintain consistency between past and anticipated future

what is socioemotional selectivity theory?

older adult emphasize on emotional regulating function of social interactions

what predicts nursing home resident’s life satisfaction?

interaction with people outside of the nursing home

What is the most autonomy-supportive housing option for older adults?

living in their own homes.

What is a key risk of nursing home placement for elders?

loss of autonomy and social integration

What happens to personal relationships in late adulthood?

Divorce becomes harder to recover from and social ties become more crucial

why is widowhood especially challenging for men?

experience greater physical and mental health problems and more likely to remarry

what is the most reported forms of elderly maltreatment

physical neglect, emotional abuse, financial abuse

who is most often the perpetrator of elder maltreatment?

trusted family member or caregiver

What is the typical income drop for retirement in the U.S

50%

what is most associated with life satisfaction in late adulthood?

happiness in marriage

What factors contribute to successful aging?

minimizing loss, maximizing gain, resilience, coping skills, supportive social policies

what is functional age?

the actual competence and performance age

what factors contributes to an increase in life expectancy?

reduced infant mortality, improved nutrition, sanitation, medical treatment

Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs)

tasks that require cognitive competence like shopping and paying bills

what visual impairments are common in late adulthood?

cataracts, increased sensitivity to glare, decreased depth perception

what hearing impairment are common in late adulthood?

difficulty detecting high frequency and soft sounds

Is it possible to predict cognitive decline with hearing loss?

No, hearing impairment does not predict cognitive decline

What happens to the heart muscles in late adulthood?

heart muscles become rigid

Skin changes as we age includes

decline in water content and cells

What predicts physical function for common people?

SES

What diet can protect some mental health capacity?

omega 3 fatty acid

what are the benefits of exercise in late adulthood?

improve physical strength, more energetic, memory, executive function

Sedentary people who start endurance training also gains in?

preservers brain and central nervous system

What is primary aging?

genetically influenced aging

what is secondary aging?

decline due to hereditary defects and negative environmental factors

osteoarthritis

wear and tears of certain joints

Rheumatoid arthritis

autoimmune joint inflammation that affects the whole body

What factor increases risk for type 2 diabetes in late adulthood?

genetics, inactivity, abdominal fat, ethnicity

How does type 2 diabetes affect cognition

leads to cognitive decline and elevate risk for dementia

What are two common types of Dementia in late adulthood?

Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia

What is the most common mental disability in late adulthood?

Alzheimer’s disease with 70%

What is often misdiagnosed as dementia in late adulthood?

depression, temporary mental symptoms associated with UTI

What are early symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease?

memory problems, personality changes, anxiety, aggression

What are some treatment for Alzheimer’s disease?

drug and insulin therapies, family intervention programs

What interventions help caregivers of dementia patients?

respite, social support, education, caregiving skills

What is associative memory deficit?

difficulty creating and retrieving links between pieces of information

What defines wisdom?

broad practical knowledge, emotional maturity, concern for human values

what is terminal decline?

accelerated deterioration of function before death

What is Erikson’s psychological stage for middle adulthood?

generativity vs stagnation

What does generativity mean in middle adulthood?

giving to and guiding younger generation through parenting, work or mentoring

What does stagnation look like in Erikson’s theory?

self-centeredness, lack of interest, self-absorbed

Levinson task: young-old

seek new ways of being both young and old

Levinson’s task: Destruction-creation

acknowledges past hurtful acts and try to leave a legacy

Levinson’s task: Masculinity-Femininity

balance masculine and feminine parts of self

Levinson’s task: Engagement - Separateness

balance engagement with separateness from external world

How can regrets impact psychological well- being in middle age?

it associated with poor psychological well-being

what are possible selves?

what we hope to become or fear of becoming

A person who is even tempered and unemotional is low in which of the big five personalities?

neuroticism

Which big five trait is linked to being dependable and achievement-oriented?

conscientiousness

What are the Big five personality traits?

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

In middle adulthood, what is most associated with life satisfaction?

happiness in marriage

Why has divorces increased in people over 50?

reevaluation of life goals during midlife

What is the launching phase in parent child relationships?

the process of letting go as children leaves home

what role do many mothers take on during midlife family life?

kinkeeper

why do some grandparents become caregivers?

family crises or parental incapacity

What is the sandwich generation?

adults who are caring for aging parents and their own children

What risks are associated with caring for aging parents?

emotional burnout, financial stress, absenteeism at work, anxiety, depression

what helps caregivers manage stress while supporting aging parents?

social support, community resources, helpful workplace policies

what causes burnout in middle adulthood?

long term job stress, emotional overload, unsupportive work environment, excessive workload

what is the consequences of midlife burnout?

impaired memory and attention depression, on job injuries

why is midlife unemployment particularly harmful?

it disrupts identity, health risks, prolonged joblessness