End of Animal Nutrition

Fat soluble vitamins

A, D, E, K

Water soluble vitamins

All B vitamins, vitamin C

Microbes produce what vitamins

all B and vitamin K

Which diets do you not include all B and K vitamins in?

Ruminant and non-ruminant herbivores

Species that require vitamin C in diet

Guinea pigs and humans

Macrominerals

required in larger quantities in the diet, measured in g/kg or % of diet

Microminerals

require in smaller quantities in the diet, measured in mg/kg or ppm

Feed classifications

Roughages, Concentrates, Feed Additives

Roughages characterstic

High in fiber, used to feed herbivores 

Carbonaceous roughages characteristic

high in fiber, low in all other nutrients

Carbonaceous roughages examples

Grasses: Bermuda, fescue, orchard grass, timothy, crop residue

Proteinaceous roughages characteristic

high in fiber, have at least 15% protein

Proteinaceous roughages examples

Legumes: alfalfa, clovers

Rhizobium bacteria

Work with legumes to fix nitrogen

Concentrates characteristic

Low in fiber, more digestible, used to feed omnivores and carnivores, supplemented to herbivores

Energy concentrates characteristic

high in energy

Energy concentrates examples

Grains: corn, sorghum/milo, barley, oats, wheat

Protein concentrates characteristic

High in protein (at least 20%)

Protein concentrates examples

soybean meal, cotton seed meal, animal protein sources

Feed additives

any feed you give to an animal that isn’t a concentrate or roughage 

Nutrient additive

individual nutrients added

Nutrient additive examples

vitamins, minerals, animo acids

Non-nutrient additive

not essential for life, alter metabolism, control or prevent disease, alter appearance or form

Non-nutrient additive examples

growth promoting agents, yeast cultures, enzymes, probiotics, buffers, pellet binders, coccidostates, antibiotics, anti fungals, ionophores

Ionophores

selective antibiotics, kills bacteria, used in meat producing ruminants, not used in human medicine

Veterinary Feed Directive 

determine the safety of drugs for animals based on how harmful it is to the human population