Studied by 6 people
________ is the process by which a drug works or affects the body.
Pharmacodynamics
________ is the major process through which drugs are absorbed into the body.
Passive diffusion
________: removal of a drug from the body; primarily occurs in the kidneys, but can also occur through the skin, lungs, bile, or feces.
Excretion
________ involves a conjugation reaction that makes the drug more polar and easier to excrete.
Phase II biotransformation
________ is an oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis of the drug via the cytochrome P450 system, abundant in the liver.
Phase I biotransformation
Men have more vascular muscles than women, causing drugs to reach ________ faster.
peak levels
________: specific areas on cell membranes that react with certain chemicals to cause an effect within the cell.
Receptor sites
________: movement of a drug to body tissues; the places where a drug may be distributed depend on the drugs solubility, perfusion of the area, cardiac output, and binding of the drug to plasma proteins.
Distribution
Drugs taken orally are usually absorbed from the ________ into the portal venous system, with aspirin and alcohol absorbed from the lower end of the stomach.
small intestine
________: the study of genetically determined variations in the response to drugs.
Pharmacogenomics
(________) Poor blood flow to a certain area, such as a patient's lower limb infection, can reduce drug effectiveness.
Diabetes
Skin, ________, lungs, bile, and feces are routes of used to excrete.
saliva
________ (used on tips of spears in Amazon) blocks acetylcholine receptor sites, preventing muscle stimulation & causing paralysis.
Curare
________: property of a chemotherapeutic agent that affects only systems found in foreign cells without affecting healthy human cells (e.g., specific antibiotics can affect certain proteins or enzyme systems used by bacteria but not by human cells)
Selective toxicity
________: the movement of substances across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient; this process requires the use of energy.
Active transport
________ is another process the body commonly uses in drug excretion.
Filtration
________ can influence drug excretion.
Urine acidity
________: the passage of water and water- soluble components from the plasma into the renal tubule.
Glomerular filtration
________ are thought to work by reacting with specific receptor sites or by interfering with enzyme systems in the body.
Drugs
Drugs may work by replacing a missing body chemical, by stimulating or depressing ________, or by interfering with the functioning of foreign cells.
cellular activity
During distribution: One drug competes for the protein- binding site of another drug, so the second drug can not be transported to the ________.
reactive tissue
________ can affect the absorption of many oral drugs.
GI disorders
________ and low blood pressure alter the distribution of a drug, preventing it from being delivered to the reactive tissue, thus rendering the drug nontherapeutic.
Vascular diseases
Because the warfarin is biotransformed to an inactive state more quickly, ________ will be needed to achieve the desired effect.
higher doses
Loading dose: use of a higher dose than what is usually used for treatment to allow the drug to reach the ________ sooner.
critical concentration
________: synthetic chemicals used to interfere with the functioning of foreign cell populations, causing cell death; this term is frequently used to refer to the drug therapy of neoplasms, but it also refers to drug therapy affecting any foreign cell.
Chemotherapeutic agents
________ is most common, non- invasive, and cost- effective, with patients able to easily continue regimens at home.
Oral
The ________ is a protective system to keep foreign invaders and poisons away from the CNS.
blood brain barrier
Liver or kidney diseases affect the way that a drug is biotransformed and excreted and can lead to ________ when the usual dose is given.
toxic reactions
________: liver enzymes tightly packed together in the hepatic intracellular structure, responsible for the biotransformation of chemicals, including drugs.
Hepatic microsomal system
________ tend to be faster than subcutaneous due to more capillaries.
IM injections
________ deposit the drug just under the skin, where it is absorbed into circulation at varying speeds based on fat content of injection site and local circulation.
Subcutaneous injections
________ may arise due to increased biotransformation /resistance to drug effects, causing the body to need larger doses to achieve a therapeutic effect.
Tolerance
________: the time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to decrease to one half of the peak level it previously achieved.
Half life
the movement of substances across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient; this process requires the use of energy
active transport
synthetic chemicals used to interfere with the functioning of foreign cell populations, causing cell death; this term is frequently used to refer to the drug therapy of neoplasms, but it also refers to drug therapy affecting any foreign cell
chemotherapeutic agents
the concentration a drug must reach in the tissues that respond to the particular drug to cause the desired therapeutic effect
critical concentration
movement of a drug to body tissues; the places where a drug may be distributed depend on the drugs solubility, perfusion of the area, cardiac output, and binding of the drug to plasma proteins
distribution
a phenomenon in which drugs given orally are carried directly to the liver after absorption, where they may be largely inactivated by liver enzymes before they can enter the general circulation; oral drugs frequently are given in higher doses than drugs given by other routes because of this early breakdown
first-pass effect
the passage of water and water-soluble components from the plasma into the renal tubule
glomerular filtration
the time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to decrease to one half of the peak level it previously achieved
half-life
liver enzymes tightly packed together in the hepatic intracellular structure, responsible for the biotransformation of chemicals, including drugs
hepatic microsomal system
use of a higher dose than what is usually used for treatment to allow the drug to reach the critical concentration sooner
loading dose
movement of substances across a semipermeable membrane with the concentration gradient; this process does not require energy
passive diffusion
the study of the interactions between the chemical components of living systems and the foreign chemicals, including drugs, that enter living organisms; the way a drug affects a body
pharmacodynamics
the study of genetically determined variations in the response to drugs
pharmacogenomics
the way the body deals with a drug, including absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion
pharmacokinetics
documented effect of the mind on drug therapy; if a person perceives that a drug will be effective, the drug is much more likely to actually be effective
placebo effect
specific areas on cell membranes that react with certain chemicals to cause an effect within the cell
receptor sites
property of a chemotherapeutic agent that affects only systems found in foreign cells without affecting healthy human cells (e.g., specific antibiotics can affect certain proteins or enzyme systems used by bacteria but not by human cells)
selective toxicity
One drug prevents or accelerates absorption of the other drug
At the site of absorption*
One drug competes for the protein-binding site of another drug, so the second drug cannot be transported to the reactive tissue
During distribution
One drug stimulates or blocks the metabolism of the other drug
During biotransformation*
One drug competes for excretion with the other drug, leading to accumulation and toxic effects of one of the drugs
During excretion
One drug may be an antagonist of the other drug or may cause effects that oppose those of the other drug, leading to no therapeutic effect
At the site of action*
Note 
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