BIO3 - Chapter 12

The Eukaryotes

eukaryote groups

fungi, algae, protozoa, helminths

fungi kingdom

fungi

fungi nutritional type

chemoheterotroph

fungi multicellularity

all except yeats

fungi cellular arrangement

unicellular, filamentous, fleshy

fungi food acquisition method

absorptive

fungi characteristic features

sexual & asexual spores

fungi embryo formation

none

mycology

study of fungi

molds

fungi; thalus consists of hyphae; mass of hypae is mycelium

vegetation hyphae

grow, obtain nutriens

aerial hyphae

for reproduction

yeasts

uniellular fungi

fission yeasts

divide symmetrically

budding yeasts

divide asymmetrically

fungi asex. reproduction.

spore production; no partner means no genetic diversity

fungi sexual reprod

spod. spores from fusion of nuclei from 2 opposite mating strains (+/-) of the same species of fungus; less frequent than asex

2 asex spores

conidia/condiospores & sporangiospore

conidia or conidiospores

prod in a chain at the end of condiophore

sporangiospore

formed within a sporagium (sac)

sex spores

zygospore, ascospore, basidiospore,

zygospore

fusion of haploid cells prod 1 zygospore

ascospore

formed in a sac (ascus)

basidiospore

formed externally on a pedestal (basidium)

fungi nutritional adaptations

can adapt to env. that’d be hostile to bact; low pH, low moisture, less nutrients, high osmotic pressure, metabolizing complex compounds

impact of fungi to env & humans

decorposition, symbioses, food & tech., medicines, disease

mycosis

any fungal infection

5 groups of mycoses

systemic, subcutaneous, cutaneous, superficial, opportunistic

systemic mycoses

deep within body, caused by fungi that live in soil, inhaltion of spores is route of transmission

subcataneous mycoses

beneath the skin; occus by implantation of spores or mycelial fragments into would in skin

cutaneous mycoses

affect hair, skin, & nails; tranmitted from human to human

superficial mycoses

localized (e.g. hair) and in surface of epidermal cells

opportunistic mycoses

caused by norm microbiota or environmental fungi

lichen

mutualistic combination of al alga (or cyanobacteria) & fungus

alga in lichesn

prod & secretes carbs

fungus in lichesn

provides support, nutrients, protection

3 types of lichen

fruticose, foliose, crustose

yeast benefits

baker’s yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae), biomedical research, biofuel

yeast diseases

yeast infections caused by Candida albicans

algae kingdom

protist

algae nutritional type

photoautotroph

algae multicellularity

some

algae cellular arrangement

unicellular, colonial, filamentous, tissues

algae food acquisition method

diffusion

algae characteristic features

pigments; the dif. colors/growth effected by sunlight

algae embryos formation

none

selective phyla of algae

brown algae, red algae, green algae, diatoms, dinoflagellates, water molds

phaeophyta

brown algae (kelp), cellulose & alginic acid cell walls, multicellular; harvested for food

algin

used for gelling products

rhodophyta

red algae, cellulose cell walls, most are multicellular, harvest for agar & carrageenan; bottom of ocean

chlorophyta

green algae, cellulose cell walls, unicellular or multicellular, gave rise to plants

diatoms

pectin & silica cell walls, unicellular, prod. domoic acid

domoic acid

toxin cause diarrhea & memory loss

dinoflagellates

cellulose in plasma membrane, unicellular, some prod neurotoxins, create red tide, have 2 flagella

neurotoxins

cause paralytic shellfish poisoning

water molds

cellulose cell walls, multicellular, chemoheterotrophic, prod. zoospores

oomycota

decomposes & plant parasites; phytophthora infestans, p. cinnamoni, & p ramorum

phytophthora infestans

responsibe for irish potato blight

p. cinnamoni

infects eucalyptus

p. ramorum

causes oak death

roles of algae in nature

fix CO2, prod. 80% of Earth’s O2, oil prod., symbionts of animals

algal blooms

increases in plantonic algae that can result in toxin release or die & consume oxygen, toxins & parasites

proozoa kingdom

protist

protozoa nutritional type

chemoheterotroph

protozoa multicellularity

none

protozoa cellular arrangement

unicellular

protozoa food acquisition method

absorptive; ingesetive

protzoa characteristic features

motility; some form cysts

protozoa embryo formation

none

characteristics of protozoa

inhabit water & soil, animal-like nutrition, complex life cycles, sexual & asexual reproduction

protozoa asex reproduction

fission, budding, chizogone (multiple fission)

protozoa sex reprod

conjugation - temporary cytoplasmic fusion w exchange of nuclear material

medically important protozoa

feeding groves (excavata), amebae, aicomplexa, ciliates

amebae movement

by extending pseudopods

entamoeba histolytica

causes amebic dysentery

acanthamoeba

infects corneas & causes blindness

apicomplexa

nonmotile, obligate intracellular parasites, complex if cycles - transmission between several hosts

plasmodium

apicomplexa; causes malaria; sex. reproduction in anopheles mosquito, injects sporozoite in bite, merozoites produced, infect red blood cells, ring stage inside cell, cell suptures and infects more red blood cells

life cycle of plasmodium vivax

sporozoite - infective stage

merozoite - offspring

intermediate host

parasire undergoes asex reproduction in host

definitive host

parasite undergoes sex reprod in host

helminths kingdom

animalia

helminths nutritional type

chemoheterotroph

helminths multicellularity

all

helminths cellular arrangements

tissues & organs

helminth food acquisition method

ingestive; absorptive

helminth characteristic features

elaborate life cycles

helmniths embryo formation

all

helminths phyum

platyhelminthes (flatworms) & nematoda (roundworms)

platyhelminthes (flatworms) classes

trematoes (flukes) & cestodes (tapeworms)

characteristics of helminths

highly specialized to live inside their hosts; reduced digestive & nervous system, reduced locomotion, complex reproduction

helminth life cycle

egg → larva(e) → adult

monoecious (hermaphroditic)

male & female reproductive syst in one animal

dioecious

separate male & female

trematodes (flukes)

flatworms; leaf-shaped, ventral & oral sucker, absorb food through cuticle covering; internal parasites

trematode diseases

lung fluke& blood fluke

cestodes (tapeworms)

flatworms; head that has suckers for attachment, absorb food through cuticle; male & fem reproductive organs; in digestive tract

roundworm

nematode; round, complete digestive system, dioecious, free-livng & parasitic

nematodes eggs

ascaris lumbricoide; large, in small intestines, live in soil until injested by a host

arthropods

animals with segmented bodies, hard external skeletons & jointed legs; wide spread, largest phyul in animal kingdom