Genetics Unit 7

peptide bonds

covalent bond that links amino acids into polypeptides/proteins

codon

sequence of 3 consecutive nnucleotides in DNA/RNA molecules that code for a specific amino acids

tRNA

adapters that base pair to codons in mRNA; deliver specific amino acid based on mRNA codon

ribosome

molecular complex that will attach the amino acid to a growing polypeptide; consists of one small and one large subunit

wobble effect

flexibility in the base pairing between the third nucleotide of an mRNA codon and the first nucleotide of the tRNA anticodon

translation

cell uses genetic information encoded on mRNA to synthesize a protein 

decoding center

region on small subunit that ensures that only tRNAs carrying anticodons that match the codon will be accepted into the A site

peptidyltransferase center

region on large subunit where peptide bond formation is catalyzed

initiation

process where the ribosome assembles on the mRNA at the start codon AUG

elongation

cylical processes of adding amino acids one by one to the growing polypeptide chain

co-translational

occurs while translation occurs

post-translational

occurs after translation occurs

conformation

the way a protein is folded to ensure proper function

amino acids

building blocks of proteins

polypeptide

chain of amino acids

peptide bonds

link amino acids together by covalent bonds called this

degenerate

multiple codons code for the same amino acid

overlapping

consecutive amino acids are specified by codon that have nucleotides in common

nonoverlapping

consectuive amino acids are specified by consecutive codons

continuous

codons are arranged side by side with no gaps

discontinuous

codons are separated by one or more nucleotides that act to pause translation and restart anew at the next codon

codon

group of 3 nucleotides that code for an amino acid

tRNA

link mRNA codons to specific amino acids; carries a specific anticodon that is complementary to codon on mRNA

acceptor stem

site for amino acid attachment

D loop

involved in recognizing and binding to aminoacyl-tRNA synthase enzyme; attached correct amino acid to tRNA

anticodon loop

contains the anticodon that pairs with mRNA codon during translation

TYC loop

involved in interaction with the ribosome

aminoacyl-tRNA synthase

attaches amino acids to tRNAs; forms a charged tRNA

translation

protein synthesis

A site

where new tRNA molecules enter the ribosome carrying an amino acid

P site

holds the tRNA attached to the growing polypeptide chain

E site

where the empty tRNA is released from the ribosome

decoding center

region on small subunit that ensure that only tRNAs carrying anticodons that match the codon will be accepted into the A site

peptidyltransferase center

region on large subunit where peptide bone formation is catalyzed

initiation

process where the ribosome assembles on the mRNA at the start codon AUG

elongation

cylical process of adding amino acids one by one to the growing polypeptide chain

termination

ending protein synthesis and releasing the completed polypeptide chain

eLFs

eukaryotic initiation factors

AUG

start codon

eEF

elongation factors

eRF

eukaryotic release factors

electrostatic attractions, van der waals attractions, hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic forces

noncovalent bonds used by proteins to get correct conformation or folding state

chemical modification

increases the functionality of proteins

protein sorting

must be delivered to site of action to be fully functional