chapter 3 & 4 ( LEgal)
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20 Terms
Legal laws
Laws enforced by the legal system.
Non legal laws
Group or individual made rules that are not enforced by the legal system.
Social cohesion
The cooperation of individuals to survive and thrive.
Human rights
Fundamental rights protected in the constitution, including the right to vote, fair trials, and freedom from discrimination.
Common law
Judge-made laws that evolve from court decisions.
Fairness in justice
All individuals should have the opportunity to participate in a fair legal process.
Substantive equality
Treating individuals differently to achieve equal outcomes.
Statutory interpretation
The process by which judges interpret laws passed by parliament.
Ratio decidendi
The principle established in a case that forms the basis for legal decisions.
Criminal law
Laws intended to protect society and punish criminal behavior, defining the relationship between individuals and the state.
Civil law
Laws that enforce individual rights without criminal sanctions, focusing on restoring rights.
Burden of proof
The obligation to prove one's case in court, which in criminal law rests with the prosecution.
Beyond reasonable doubt
The standard of proof required in criminal cases to meet the burden of proof.
Strict liability
Criminal responsibility without the need to prove intention or mental state.
Doli incapax
The legal principle that children under a certain age cannot be charged with a crime.
Doctrine of precedent
The legal principle that requires lower courts to follow the decisions of higher courts in similar cases.
Presumption of innocence
The principle that one is considered innocent until proven guilty in a court of law.
Criminal justice process
The system that encompasses the enforcement of laws, prosecution of offenders, and penalties for criminal behavior.
Civil liability
The legal responsibility to compensate for harm caused to another individual.
Judicial independence
The principle that the judiciary operates independently of the other branches of government.
