PBS- Q1 Exam

Telehealth

a way for individuals to remotely access health-related services using technology, rather than in-person contact

tonsiliitis

Lymphatic tissue in the throat that is inflamed

Cancer

a disease caused when cells divide uncontrollably and spread into surrounding tissue

discharge

The flow of fluid from a part of the body

lymph

Clear fluid inside the lymph vessels

Wheezing

A high-pitched whistling sound caused by narrowed airways; can sometimes be heard without a stethoscope.

Body Mass Index (BMI)

a measure of body weight relative to height

medical history

A record of information about a patient's past and current health. Includes information about the patient's habits, lifestyle, and even the health of their family.

symptom

Any subjective evidence of disease a patient perceives, such as aches, nausea, or fatigue. Symptoms allow the health care provider to narrow down the possible conditions that may be affecting the patient and then run tests to make a diagnosis.

Presenting (primary) complaint

The patient's description of what they feel is their main health problem.

HIPAA

A set of U.S. national standards that protect an individual's privacy rights related to their personal medical information.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of stable internal physiological conditions (like body temperature or the pH of blood), which enables the optimal functioning of an organism.

Otisis Media

Inflammation of the middle ear

diagnosis

The process of determining which disease or condition explains a person's symptoms and signs.

heart rate (pulse)

A measure of cardiac activity usually expressed in number of beats per minute.

respiratory rate

The number of breaths an organism takes per minute.

brachial artery

the blood vessel in the arm often used to take a patient's pulse.

systolic pressure

the pressure in the arteries when the heart muscle is contracting. (top number)

diastolic pressure

the pressure in the arteries when the heart muscle is relaxing or dilating (bottom number)

sphygmomanometer

An instrument for measuring blood pressure, especially arterial blood pressure.

pulse oximeter

An instrument for measuring blood pressure, especially arterial blood pressure.

hypotension

abnormally low blood pressure

Hypertension

abnormally high blood pressure

pediatrician

A specialist physician who provides medical care to infants, children, and adolescents.

primary care physician

A specialist physician trained to work in the front line of a healthcare system and provide care for any health problems that a patient might have.

Physician specialist

Many other specialists provide care at the clinic, including genetic counselors who advise families on their risk for inheriting or passing on certain diseases, and specialist physicians such as psychiatrists and cardiologists.

nurse

Licensed health-care professional who is skilled in promoting and maintaining health.

medical technician

Uses sophisticated equipment and has different responsibilities. Some work directly with patients while others work in a lab.

medical assistant

Unlicensed caregiver who works primarily in doctors' offices and clinics. They assist their medical director through a wide variety of duties.

medical student

A student enrolled at a medical school, who is training to become a physician.

Ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

Nucleus

Control center of the cell

nuclear membrane

A highly-porous membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

cell membrane

thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell

4 practices of active listening

Pay attention, be open, use body language, reflect, summarize and clarify

Why is it important to use active listening in a healthcare setting?

Health care professionals want to make sure they fully understand the issue and that the patient feels like they are being heard in order to make an accurate diagnosis and a better patient experience. Addidionally, if the patient feels safe they will give more information about their issue.

What are four of the major components of a Medical History?

Previous, Family, Current, Social History

What are four questions that a physician might ask a patient while taking a medical history?

Have you had any past surgeries or hospital stays?

Does anyone in your family have any serious illnesses?

Do you do drugs or drink alcohol?

Do you take any prescribed or over the counter medication?

What are four objective measurements your physician might take during a physical exam or tests that they would ask for you to take prior to the exam and reason for taking it?

Blood Pressure - They want to make sure you do not have hypertension, which could lead to heart disease.

Temperature - They want to make sure you aren't running a fever and your systems are not too hot.

Heart Rate - They want to make sure your heart is not beating too fast or too slow because that could indicate heart disease.

Weight/Height - They want to calculate your BMI and make sure you are at a healthy weight for your weight.

normal blood pressure

less than 120/80

normal total cholesterol

less than 200

normal blood sugar

70-100 mg/dL

Normal heart rate

60-100 bpm

Normal respiratory rate

12-20 breaths per minute

normal oxygen saturation

95-100%

In what order does glucose get into the cells

1. We ingest carbohydrates, and as the food is metabolized, glucose is released.

2. Glucose enters the blood stream and makes its way to cells; blood glucose levels rise.

3. The pancreas releases insulin into the bloodstream.

4. Insulin travels through the bloodstream to cells and tells the cells to let glucose in.

5. The cells use glucose to make energy.

HIPAA - At the age of 35, a patient is diagnosed with the flu. The patient is hospitalized with severe symptoms but recovered with no problems. Their doctor reports their illness to the local department of public health.

No violation

HIPAA - A physical therapist and a nurse are riding in the elevator together. During their ride they loudly discuss by name a patient, whom they both have had for some time now. The elevator is full of people who can all hear them refer to the patient by name.

Violation

HIPAA - A mother emailed her son's teacher about his history of seizures. Months later, the teacher replied to the email to tell the mother about discipline problems. Communication eventually became argumentative. The teacher forwarded the conversation to her best friend, a teacher at the same school. The teacher's friend does not have this boy in her class. The information about the boy's seizures was at the very bottom of the e-mail thread.

Violation

HIPAA - A 33-year-old woman visited her doctor for a routine checkup. The doctor called back a week later to report the lab results. The husband answered the phone, and the doctor shared the results with the husband.

Violation

HIPAA - A 16-year-old is pregnant and visits her doctor. Her mother calls the doctor's office later with questions about the visit. She asks about the due date, the heart rate of the baby, methods of delivery, genetic risks, and so on. The doctor answers all of the mother's questions.

No violation

HIPAA - Two doctors are having a private lunch together in the physician dining room which is empty. As they eat, they talk about the man with the terrible sores that they recently treated.

No violation

HIPAA - A family has enrolled their child in a new middle school. The school reaches out to the child's doctor and requests the vaccination records for the child. The doctor's office emails the records to the school.

No violation

Type 1 diabetes

Diabetes of a form that usually develops during childhood or adolescence and is characterized by a severe deficiency of insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels.

type 2 diabetes

Diabetes of a form that develops especially in adults and most often obese individuals and that is characterized by high blood glucose resulting from impaired insulin utilization coupled with the body's inability to compensate with increased insulin production.

Diabetes - are at risk for end organ damage

both types

Diabetes - Oral medication

Type 2

Diabetes - IV/IM meds

Type 1

Diabetes - older patients

Type 2

Diabetes - younger patients

Type 1

Diabetes- associated with obesity

Type 2

diabetes - hyperglycemics

Both types

diabetes - need emergency sweets

Mainly type 1, but technically both

diabetes - at risk for amputation

both types

Carbohydrates

cell energy

Sugars (glucose C6H12O6, lactose)

Disaccharides, polysaccharide

Starches

Cellulose

lipids/fats

make up structures, store energy

Fatty Acids

nucleic acids

cellular reproduction
RNA

DNA

Nucleotide bases:

Adenine, cytosine, thymine, guanine

Uracil (replaces thymine in RNA)

Protein

make up structures, perform functions

Amino acids (20 types)

Hormones

Insulin

Glucagon