AP Psych units 10 & 11

personality

a person’s pattern of thinking, feeling and acting

type a

feel time pressure, easily angered, competitive and ambitious, work hard and play hard, more prone to heart disease than rest of population.

type b

relaxed and easygoing, but some people fit neither type

psychoanalytic theory of personality

fathered by Freud, idea of the Libido moving to different parts of our body

stages of psycho-sexual development

1. Oral

2. Anal

3. Phallic

4. Latent

5. Genital

conscious

things we are aware of

preconscious

things we can be aware of if we think of them

unconscious

deep hidden reservoir that holds the true “us” all of our desires and fears

Id

exists entirely in the unconscious, our hidden true animalistic wants and desires, works on the Pleasure Principle, avoid pain and receive instant gratification

ego

develops after the id, works on the reality principle, negotiates between the id and the environment, in our conscious and unconscious minds, it’s what everyone sees as our personality. protects us through defense mechanisms

superego

develops last at about the age of 5, it’s our conscience, the ego mediates between the superego and the id

repression

pushing thoughts into our unconscious, we don’t remember our Oedipus and Electra complexes

Denial

not accepting the ego-threatening truth

displacement

redirecting one’s feelings toward another person or object, often displaced on less threatening things

projection

believing that the feelings one has toward someone else are actually held by the other person and directed at oneself

reaction formation

expressing the opposite of how one truly feels, cootie stage in Freud’s Latent Development

regression

returning to earlier, comforting form of behavior

rationalization

coming up with a beneficial result of an undesirable outcome

intellectualization

undertaking an academic, unemotional study of a topic

sublimation

channeling one’s frustration toward a different goal, sometimes healthy defense mechanism

criticisms of Freud

only studied wealthy women in Austria, results not verifiable, no predictive power

Carl Jung

concept of the personal and collective unconscious

alfred adler

ideas of superiority and inferiority and how birth order played a part in personality

psychoanalysis today

couch sitting, transference likely to happen, delve into your unconscious, pull out manifest content then talk about latent content

Libido

sexual behavior that fuels behavior

Erik Erickson

8 stages of development, crisis at each

Thematic Apperception Test

giving subject a picture that’s ambiguous (can have several meanings), their answers reveal the manifest content

Rorschach Inkblot test

most widely used test designed to identify peoples feelings when they are asked to interpret what they see in the inkblots

trait theories of personality

we can describe peoples personalities by specifying their main characteristics (traits)

nomothetic theories

the same traits can be used to describe all peoples personalities, big 5 personality traits

big 5 ersonality traits

extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness to experience, emotional stability

idiographic theorists

used same set of traits to classify everyone is impossible,

gordon allport

cardinal dispositions

william sheldon

somatotype theory

social-cognitive theory

The behavior patterns that people learn as a result of their sense of personal control or personal helplessness

savant syndrome

a rare condition where a person with a significant mental disability (like autism or intellectual disability) demonstrates exceptional skills or talents in specific areas, such as mathematics, art, or music

Sternberg-Wagner test

measures practical intelligence

Howard Gardner

theory of multiple (8) intelligences," which proposes that individuals possess different types of intelligence beyond the traditional IQ

Alfred Binet

first widely used intelligence test, known as the Binet-Simon Scale, which was designed to identify children in need of special education within the French school system

Robert Sternberg

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence, which proposes three distinct intelligences: analytical, creative, and practical, suggesting a broader view of intelligence than traditional IQ tests

trait theory criticism

do not take into account the importance of the situation.s

somatotype theory

fat people tend to be friendly and outgoing, musculr tend to be more aggressive, thin tend to be more shy and secretive, study has not been replicated

humanistic theory of personality

believe that humans have free will, we are innately good as long as our self-esteem and self-concept are positive we will be happy

carl rogers

said that the object of humans is to become self-actualized, we are like acorns, we need genuineness, acceptance (unconditional positive regard), and empathy

Barnum effect

people have the tendency to see themselves in vague, stock descriptions of personality, horoscopes, astrologers and psychics all use this

intelligence test

method of assessing an individuals mental aptitudes and comparing them to those of others, using numerical scores

Stanford-Binet

widely used American revision of Binet’s original intelligence test

intelligence

ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

aptitude test

test designed to predict a person’s future performance, aptitude is the capacity to learn

achievement test

test designed to assess what a person has learned

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

most widely used intelligence test, verbal & nonverbal subtests

standardization

defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested “standardization group”

content validity

extent to which a test samples the behavior that’s of interest, driving test that samples driving tasks

criterion

behavior that a test is designed to predict, the measure used in defining whether the test has predictive validity

heritability

the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes variability depends on range of populations and environments studied

projective tests

personality assessment method that presents ambiguous stimuli, like inkblots or pictures, to elicit a response that reflects the subject's underlying unconscious thoughts, feelings, and motivations

individualism

the cultural emphasis on personal goals, autonomy, and independence, where individual needs and achievements are prioritized over group needs and goals

collectivism

worldview where social behavior is guided by shared group goals, valuing interdependence and prioritizing group needs over individual ones