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personality
a person’s pattern of thinking, feeling and acting
type a
feel time pressure, easily angered, competitive and ambitious, work hard and play hard, more prone to heart disease than rest of population.
type b
relaxed and easygoing, but some people fit neither type
psychoanalytic theory of personality
fathered by Freud, idea of the Libido moving to different parts of our body
stages of psycho-sexual development
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latent
Genital
conscious
things we are aware of
preconscious
things we can be aware of if we think of them
unconscious
deep hidden reservoir that holds the true “us” all of our desires and fears
Id
exists entirely in the unconscious, our hidden true animalistic wants and desires, works on the Pleasure Principle, avoid pain and receive instant gratification
ego
develops after the id, works on the reality principle, negotiates between the id and the environment, in our conscious and unconscious minds, it’s what everyone sees as our personality. protects us through defense mechanisms
superego
develops last at about the age of 5, it’s our conscience, the ego mediates between the superego and the id
repression
pushing thoughts into our unconscious, we don’t remember our Oedipus and Electra complexes
Denial
not accepting the ego-threatening truth
displacement
redirecting one’s feelings toward another person or object, often displaced on less threatening things
projection
believing that the feelings one has toward someone else are actually held by the other person and directed at oneself
reaction formation
expressing the opposite of how one truly feels, cootie stage in Freud’s Latent Development
regression
returning to earlier, comforting form of behavior
rationalization
coming up with a beneficial result of an undesirable outcome
intellectualization
undertaking an academic, unemotional study of a topic
sublimation
channeling one’s frustration toward a different goal, sometimes healthy defense mechanism
criticisms of Freud
only studied wealthy women in Austria, results not verifiable, no predictive power
Carl Jung
concept of the personal and collective unconscious
alfred adler
ideas of superiority and inferiority and how birth order played a part in personality
psychoanalysis today
couch sitting, transference likely to happen, delve into your unconscious, pull out manifest content then talk about latent content
Libido
sexual behavior that fuels behavior
Erik Erickson
8 stages of development, crisis at each
Thematic Apperception Test
giving subject a picture that’s ambiguous (can have several meanings), their answers reveal the manifest content
Rorschach Inkblot test
most widely used test designed to identify peoples feelings when they are asked to interpret what they see in the inkblots
trait theories of personality
we can describe peoples personalities by specifying their main characteristics (traits)
nomothetic theories
the same traits can be used to describe all peoples personalities, big 5 personality traits
big 5 ersonality traits
extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness to experience, emotional stability
idiographic theorists
used same set of traits to classify everyone is impossible,
gordon allport
cardinal dispositions
william sheldon
somatotype theory
social-cognitive theory
The behavior patterns that people learn as a result of their sense of personal control or personal helplessness
savant syndrome
a rare condition where a person with a significant mental disability (like autism or intellectual disability) demonstrates exceptional skills or talents in specific areas, such as mathematics, art, or music
Sternberg-Wagner test
measures practical intelligence
Howard Gardner
theory of multiple (8) intelligences," which proposes that individuals possess different types of intelligence beyond the traditional IQ
Alfred Binet
first widely used intelligence test, known as the Binet-Simon Scale, which was designed to identify children in need of special education within the French school system
Robert Sternberg
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence, which proposes three distinct intelligences: analytical, creative, and practical, suggesting a broader view of intelligence than traditional IQ tests
trait theory criticism
do not take into account the importance of the situation.s
somatotype theory
fat people tend to be friendly and outgoing, musculr tend to be more aggressive, thin tend to be more shy and secretive, study has not been replicated
humanistic theory of personality
believe that humans have free will, we are innately good as long as our self-esteem and self-concept are positive we will be happy
carl rogers
said that the object of humans is to become self-actualized, we are like acorns, we need genuineness, acceptance (unconditional positive regard), and empathy
Barnum effect
people have the tendency to see themselves in vague, stock descriptions of personality, horoscopes, astrologers and psychics all use this
intelligence test
method of assessing an individuals mental aptitudes and comparing them to those of others, using numerical scores
Stanford-Binet
widely used American revision of Binet’s original intelligence test
intelligence
ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
aptitude test
test designed to predict a person’s future performance, aptitude is the capacity to learn
achievement test
test designed to assess what a person has learned
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
most widely used intelligence test, verbal & nonverbal subtests
standardization
defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested “standardization group”
content validity
extent to which a test samples the behavior that’s of interest, driving test that samples driving tasks
criterion
behavior that a test is designed to predict, the measure used in defining whether the test has predictive validity
heritability
the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes variability depends on range of populations and environments studied
projective tests
personality assessment method that presents ambiguous stimuli, like inkblots or pictures, to elicit a response that reflects the subject's underlying unconscious thoughts, feelings, and motivations
individualism
the cultural emphasis on personal goals, autonomy, and independence, where individual needs and achievements are prioritized over group needs and goals
collectivism
worldview where social behavior is guided by shared group goals, valuing interdependence and prioritizing group needs over individual ones
