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Chordates
organisms with notochord, a flexible rod that supports chordates back, nerve cord, slits in throat area
Vertebrate
Animal with backbone that’s a part of an endoskeleton, which supports the body, protects organs, and gives muscles a place to attach (most chordates are vertebrates)
Ectotherm
Animal whose body does NOT produce much internal heat (fish, reptile)
Endothermic
Animal whose body regulates its own temperature by controlling internal heat
Fish
Ectotherms that live in water, have fins, and obtains oxygen through gills, have scales
Cartilaginous fish
Fish having jaws and scales as well as skeletons made of cartilage (sharks, rays)
Jawless fish
Fish that have no jaws or scales with skeletons made of cartilage (lamprey, hagfish)
Bony fish
Has jaws, scales, a pocket on each sides of head that holds gills, and skeleton of hard bones
Bony fish swim bladder
Organ - a gas filled sac that helps fish stay stable at different depths
Amphibians (ectothermic)
Vertebrate that spends early life in water and adulthood on land (salamander, frog, toad)
Amphibian lungs
Breathe on land, also can exchange O2 and C02 thru skin
Amphibian metamorphosis
-most amphibians undergo metamorphism
-legs and lungs develop for adult life, heart is 3 chambered with atria and ventricles
Reptiles
- ectothermic vertebrate that have lungs + scaly skin,
-skin, kidneys, and eggs of reptiles are adapted to conserve water
Reptiles kidneys
-organs that filter water from blood with wastes being excreted as urine
Reptiles fertilization
-internal fertilization which produces amniotic eggs, or an egg with a shell and internal membranes that keep embryo moist
-lay their eggs on land
Lizards + snakes
Reptiles that have skin covered with overlapping scales
Alligators and crocodiles
Large, carnivorous reptiles that care for their young
Turtles
Reptile whose body is covered by protective shell that includes ribs and backbone
Birds
-endothermic
-vertebrate that has feathers, four chambered heart, lays eggs
Bird adaptions for flight
-strong hollow bones
-high energy diet
-large efficient heart
-lungs with air sacs
-wings have shape, movement, and surface area to enable flight
Feathers
Contour feathers - streamlined shape + colour
Down feathers - insulated layer under contour
Mammals
Endothermic vertebrates with 4 chambered heart and skin covered with fur or hair
-most mammals born alive
-young are fed with milk produced by organs called mammary glands
-specialized teeth
Herbivores
Plant eating mammals with incisors that cut, molars that grind
Carnivores
Meat eaters with sharp canines that tear flesh
Omnivores
Eat both plants and animals using a variety of teeth
Mammal body systems
-well developed lungs with millions of alveoli
-4 chambered heart and two loop circulatory system
-large brain and complex nervous system
-specialized ways of moving - walk, run, hop
-internal fertilization
Mammals - monotremes
Egg laying mammals lacking nipples (platypus, anteater)
Mammals - marsupials
Give birth during early stage of development, usually continue to develop in pouch on mothers body (kangaroo)
Placental mammals
Developed from embryo connected to placenta by umbilical cord
-diverse