vertebrates

Chordates

organisms with notochord, a flexible rod that supports chordates back, nerve cord, slits in throat area

Vertebrate

Animal with backbone that’s a part of an endoskeleton, which supports the body, protects organs, and gives muscles a place to attach (most chordates are vertebrates)

Ectotherm

Animal whose body does NOT produce much internal heat (fish, reptile)

Endothermic

Animal whose body regulates its own temperature by controlling internal heat

Fish

Ectotherms that live in water, have fins, and obtains oxygen through gills, have scales

Cartilaginous fish

Fish having jaws and scales as well as skeletons made of cartilage (sharks, rays)

Jawless fish

Fish that have no jaws or scales with skeletons made of cartilage (lamprey, hagfish)

Bony fish

Has jaws, scales, a pocket on each sides of head that holds gills, and skeleton of hard bones

Bony fish swim bladder

Organ - a gas filled sac that helps fish stay stable at different depths

Amphibians (ectothermic)

Vertebrate that spends early life in water and adulthood on land (salamander, frog, toad)

Amphibian lungs

Breathe on land, also can exchange O2 and C02 thru skin

Amphibian metamorphosis

-most amphibians undergo metamorphism

-legs and lungs develop for adult life, heart is 3 chambered with atria and ventricles

Reptiles

- ectothermic vertebrate that have lungs + scaly skin,

-skin, kidneys, and eggs of reptiles are adapted to conserve water

Reptiles kidneys

-organs that filter water from blood with wastes being excreted as urine

Reptiles fertilization

-internal fertilization which produces amniotic eggs, or an egg with a shell and internal membranes that keep embryo moist

-lay their eggs on land

Lizards + snakes

Reptiles that have skin covered with overlapping scales

Alligators and crocodiles

Large, carnivorous reptiles that care for their young

Turtles

Reptile whose body is covered by protective shell that includes ribs and backbone

Birds

-endothermic

-vertebrate that has feathers, four chambered heart, lays eggs

Bird adaptions for flight

-strong hollow bones

-high energy diet

-large efficient heart

-lungs with air sacs

-wings have shape, movement, and surface area to enable flight

Feathers

Contour feathers - streamlined shape + colour

Down feathers - insulated layer under contour

Mammals

Endothermic vertebrates with 4 chambered heart and skin covered with fur or hair

-most mammals born alive

-young are fed with milk produced by organs called mammary glands

-specialized teeth

Herbivores

Plant eating mammals with incisors that cut, molars that grind

Carnivores

Meat eaters with sharp canines that tear flesh

Omnivores

Eat both plants and animals using a variety of teeth

Mammal body systems

-well developed lungs with millions of alveoli

-4 chambered heart and two loop circulatory system

-large brain and complex nervous system

-specialized ways of moving - walk, run, hop

-internal fertilization

Mammals - monotremes

Egg laying mammals lacking nipples (platypus, anteater)

Mammals - marsupials

Give birth during early stage of development, usually continue to develop in pouch on mothers body (kangaroo)

Placental mammals

Developed from embryo connected to placenta by umbilical cord

-diverse