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Ribosomes
Small structures made up of RNA and proteins.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Membranous structure that forms a network of canals for transporting proteins and other molecules.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Endoplasmic reticulum with attached ribosomes, responsible for transporting proteins produced in ribosomes.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
Endoplasmic reticulum without ribosomes, transports large molecules within the cell.
Golgi Complex
Stack of flattened sacs near the endoplasmic reticulum, modifies proteins and transports packaged cell products.
Vacuoles
Store materials such as water, carbohydrates, proteins, and salts.
Vesicles
Responsible for storage and transport of materials between cells.
Lysosomes
Membrane-bound organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Endomembrane System
Nucleus > Endoplasmic Reticulum > Golgi Complex.
Cell Wall
Present in plant cells, absent in animal cells.
Plastid
Present in plant cells, absent in animal cells.
Centrioles
Absent in plant cells, present in animal cells.
Red Blood Cells
Transport oxygen from the lungs to different organs.
White Blood Cells
Protect the body against invading pathogens.
Bacteria
Oldest life forms on Earth, prokaryotes, reproduce without fusion of reproductive cells.
Cocci
Circular bacteria.
Bacilli
Rod-shaped bacteria.
Spirilla
Spiral-shaped bacteria.
Archaens
Ancient microorganisms similar to bacteria.
Levels of Organization of Life
Cell > Tissue > Organ > Organ System > Organism.
Sexual Reproduction
Involves two parents and the union of gametes.
Asexual Reproduction
Parent self-reproduces without the union of reproductive cells.
Prokaryotes
Cells divide into two identical cells that are exact copies of the parent cell.
Plants (asexual)
Reproduce asexually.
Flowering plants (sexual)
Reproduce sexually through pistils and stamens.
Pollination > Fertilization > Seed Dispersal > Germination.
Ecology
Study of living and non-living environments.
Ecologists
Scientists who study ecology.
Biosphere
Part of the Earth that supports life.
Biome
Areas with the same plant and climate characteristics.
Ecosystem
Biotic and abiotic factors interacting in an environment.
Community
Different species interacting in a given area.
Population
Group of organisms of the same species in a defined area.
Organism
Individual life form.
Biotic Components
Producers and consumers in an ecosystem.
Producers
Autotrophs that make their own food.
Consumers
Heterotrophs that consume other organisms.
Primary Consumers
Herbivores that eat plants.
Secondary Consumers
Carnivores that eat other consumers.
Omnivores
Eat both plants and animals.
Scavengers
Consumers that feed on dead organisms.
Decomposers
Break down organic matter and recycle nutrients.
Detritivores
Break down large chunks of dead or decaying organic matter.
Abiotic Components
Nonliving factors that sustain life in an ecosystem.
Competition
Organisms competing for resources.
Predation
Consumer capturing and feeding on another organism.
Parasitism
One organism benefiting at the expense of another.
Mutualism
Both organisms benefiting from each other.
Commensalism
One organism benefiting while the other is neither benefited nor harmed.
Symbiosis
Living together of two or more organisms.
