protons: positively charged
neutrons: no charge
electrons: negatively charged
atomic number: the amount of protons in an atom
atomic mass: the average atomic mass of all of the naturally occurring isotopes
mass number: the # of protons + neutrons - whole number
isotope: same number of protons but different number of neutrons
the wave-mechanical model: the electron can be found in a cloud around the nucleus
valence electrons: electrons found on the outermost shell of an atom
Contributions made by J.J. Thompson: discovered the electron using the cathode ray tube
Ernest Rutherford: discovered the proton, positive nucleus, and that most of the atom is empty space through the gold foil experiment
Half-life: the amount of time it takes for half of a radioactive element to decay or become stable.
Fission: the splitting of an atom
Fusion - the joining of two nuclei into one new nucleus.
The Big Bang Theory: a theory that suggests that the universe was created as a result of an extremely large explosion.
}}atomic radius: the size of the atom}}
electronegativity: the ability for an atom to attract electrons
ionization energy: the amount of energy needed to take the most loosely bound electron
Ionic compounds: form between metals and nonmetals, metals and polyatomic ions, polyatomic ions and nonmetals, and two polyatomic ions. If the metal has more than one oxidation, then you must determine and state which oxidation is shown in the formula. Ex; MnCl2 is Manganese (II) Chloride. Use Table E when dealing with polyatomic ions.
ionic bonding: electrons are transferred from one element to another.
Covalent compounds: are between two or more nonmetals
covalent bonding: means that electrons are shared between nonmetals
melting: (solid to liquid)
boiling: (liquid to gas)
condensation: (gas to liquid)
freezing: (liquid to solid)
sublimation: (solid to gas skipping the liquid step)
deposition: (gas to solid skipping the liquid step)