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Oxidation

Loss of electrons, often gaining oxygen or losing hydrogen.

Reduction

Gain of electrons, often losing oxygen and gaining hydrogen.

Leo says ger

An acronym meaning 'loss e oxidation , gain e reduction '.

Cellular Respiration

Process by which cells break down glucose to release energy, producing ATP.

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

Directly adding a phosphate to ADP to form ATP, occurs in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Adding a phosphate in the presence of oxygen; involves the electron transport chain and occurs indirectly.

Electron Carriers

Molecules such as NAD+, FAD, and NADP+ that carry electrons and are reduced to NADH, FADH2, and NADPH respectively.

Glycolysis

The anaerobic breakdown of glucose into 2 pyruvate, producing 2 ATP and 2 NADH, occurring in the cytoplasm.

Krebs Cycle

A series of reactions in the matrix that produces CO2, NADH, FADH2, and ATP from acetyl-CoA.

Anaerobic Respiration

Energy production process occurring without oxygen, leading to fermentation and the production of lactic acid or ethanol.

Fermentation

The metabolic process that converts sugars to acids, gases, or alcohol in the absence of oxygen.

Light-Dependent Reactions

Photosynthesis reactions that capture light energy to produce ATP and NADPH.

Calvin Cycle

Light-independent reactions of photosynthesis where CO2 is fixed and reduced to make carbohydrates using ATP and NADPH.

Photorespiration

A process in C3 plants that reduces photosynthetic efficiency by fixing oxygen instead of CO2.

C4 Photosynthesis

A pathway in plants that captures CO2 in mesophyll cells and transports it to bundle sheath cells for the Calvin Cycle.

CAM Photosynthesis

A method used by desert plants where stomata open at night to take in CO2 and close during the day to minimize water loss.