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Metabolic Processes

Redox Reactions

A chemical reaction involves the transfer of electrons between substances

Oxidation - Loss of Electrons

The substance that loses electrons is oxidized, it often gains oxygen or loses hydrogen Reduction- Gain of electrons

Gains electrons is reduced, often loses oxygen and gains hydrogen

OIL RIG -oxidation is loss, reduction is gain

Cellular respiration- glucose is oxidized, oxygen is reduced Photosynthesis-opposite of respiration, CO2 Is reduced to glucose Substrate-level phosphorylation- directly ® enzyme, small amount of ATP (glycolysis,

Krebs cycle)

Oxidative phosphorylation- adding a phosphate in presence of oxygen, occurs indirectly OILRIG, ETC, inner mitochondrial membrane, requires NADH, FADH2, produces

Electron Carriers- NAD+ reduced is NADH, FAD reduced is FADH2, NADP+ reduced is

NADPH

Cellular Respiration Overview

Process by which cells breaks down glucose to release energy (ATP)

C6H1206 + 602 -> 6H20 + 36 ATP

Redox- transfer of electrons

Dehydration- removal of water to form bonds

Hydrolysis- addition of water to break bonds

Phosphorylation- addition of phosphate group

Glycolysis- occurs in cytoplasm, anaerobic, (without 02), substrate level, Glucose goes in made to 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH+ 2H. (2 ATP)

Pyruvate Oxidation - in matrix, pyruvate (active transport), CO2 is removed by decarboxylation, NAD+ reduced, CoA attached making acetyl-CoA (Aerobic)-Happens twice so 2 acetyl-CoA, CO2, 2NADH (0 ATP)

Krebs cycle- matrix, acetyl-CoA binds with oxalacetate OAA and makes Citrate, then

2 CO2 is removed, Substrate level, 2 times so 4CO2, 6NADH, 6H, 2FADH2, 2ATP (2 ATP)

Electron Transport Chain- Inner membrane, Complex 1, NADH goes to NAD+H and pumps 1H into inter membrane, Then lose electrons go to CoQ which carries to complex 3, Complex 2 takes FADH2 into FAD and electrons go to CoQ, Complex 3 pumps 2 Hydrogens and carriers to Cyt C, that carriers to complex 4, pumping 2 again and bringing to final electron acceptor which is 02 because it has a high electronegativity, makes 2H2O. The ATP synthase converts the pumped H into ATP by passive transport. 8 NADH comes in making 24ATP and 2 FADH making 4ATP. (32

АТР)

Aerobic - needs 02, cells break down glucose with 02, produce energy in the form of ATP, CO2 and H20.

-02 is final electron acceptor, without ETC will stop and cells switch to anaerobic respiration/ fermentation.

Proteins- amino acids into energy, deamination, nitrogen is removed from amino acids (forms ammonia) to pyruvate on, used during starvation or low carb diets.

Fats-fatty acids+glycerol to energy, glycerol undergoes gluconeogenesis, then goes to glycolysis, fatty acids undergo beta oxidation to make acetly-CoA, fatty acids can make lots of acetyl-CoA, requires oxygen

Anaerobic- with oxygen, leads to fermentation (muscle cells cannot get oxygen fast enough to meet their energy through aerobic.

Lactic acid- pyruvate acid changes into lactic acid. NAD forms NADH, NAD in turn lets glycolysis continue. Additional molecules of ATP.

Alcoholic Fermentation- pyruvate acid into alcohol and CO2. NAD forms NADH. Used to make bread, wine, carried out by yeast. Produces, ethanol and NAD.

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Chlorophyll a and b-a, main pigment, Blue and red

B, transfers light to a, blue, yellow/orange Embedded in thylakoid membrane.

Photosynthesis Reactions-

Light-dependent, capture light energy(photosystems), transfer light energy (ETC), transformation of light energy into chemical potential energy, photochemical-light+H20-> ATP+ NADPH (goes to Calvin) +02

1. Photo excitation, PS2 (P680) and PS 1 (P700), accessory pigments and chlorophyll absorb light and excite electrons, these are sent to ETC in the thylakoid membrane.
   PS2, the electrons are replaced by the splitting of H2O (photolysis)

2. ETC, transfer of electrons through the thylakoid membrane making NADPH and creating a H+ gradient that leads to ATP (Non-cyclic)

Ps 2 excites electrons, to PQ and B6F (Takes H from the stroma into the Lumen) then to PC then to PS1, to FD to the NADP+ reductase which makes NADPH into the calve cycle. The ATP synthase takes the H in the lumen and makes ATP by photophosphorylation this ATP also goes into the Calvin Cycle.

Calvin Cycle- 1. Carbon fixation, CO2 added to 5-Carbon making RuBP, catalyzed by the enzyme Rubisco. 2. Reduction, 6ATP makes 6ADP then PGA is reduced making 6

G3P, 1 leaves to make glucose, cellulose. 3. RuBP regeneration takes the 5 G3P and 3 ATP to make 3ADP and 3 RuBP. 2 cycles for 1 glucose 18, ATP and 12, NADPH (3:2)

3. Chemiosmosis, light energy into chemical energy. Anabolic reaction, requires more ATP, which gets used in the Calvin cycle. (Cyclic) Fd decides if more ATP is needed, so instead of NADP reductase it goes back to B6f which gives to the H gradient and ATP production just not NADPH. Only uses PS1

Light-independent, carbon fixation (CO2), reduction of PGA, regeneration of RuBP, biochemical - ATP+NADPH+CO2-> carbs

Reducing photorespiration - most C3 plants use photorespiration.

C4 photosynthesis, CO2 captured in mesophyll cells and transported as a 4-carbon to the bundle sheath cells, then Calvin cycle- high CO2 environment, Rubisco only uses

CO2 not 02

CAM- desert plants, stomata open at night to take in Co2, storing as organic acid.

During day, stomata stays closed, CO2 is released internally.

Factors-Light intensity more light faster rate), Co2 concentration(more CO2, faster rate), Temperature(higher temp faster rate), amount of water(less water, slower rate), chlorophyll levels(less, slower rate)