Industrial Revolution

Where and when did the Industrial Revolution start?

England in the 1700s

Why did the Industrial Revolution start?

Steam power began to be used for machines instead of muscles, water and wind, England had many natural resources, many rivers for transportational power, money to invest, and colonies and markets to sell goods

Who were the Luddites?

English textile workers who protested factory machines that were taking their jobs, sometimes destroying the machines to try to protect their work

Who invented the steamboat?

Robert Fulton

What were conditions like for the urban poor?

They crowded into dirty buildings with little light or ventilation

What did Liberals believe in?

Individual liberties, free speech, trade, religion, all people are equal under the law, and laissez-faire

What did Utilitarians believe in?

Laws should bring the greatest good to the greatest number of people, and the government should promote education, democracy, and free trade

What did Socialists believe?

We should do what’s best for society as a whole, political equality is useless without economic equality, and the government should take control of businesses and use everything for the good of all people

What is the biggest difference between Adam Smith and the Socialists?

Adam Smith wanted laissez-faire, meaning the government should stay out of business, while Socialists believed the government should take control of businesses and run them for the good of everyone

Who improved the telegraph?

Samuel Morse

Who was Marconi?

An Italian inventor who helped develop the radio and sent the first wireless radio signal across the Atlantic Ocean in 1901

Who was Nobel?

A Swedish inventor who created dynamite, a safer explosive used in construction and mining

Who was Edison?

An American inventor who created the first practical incandescent lightbulb in 1879

What was the most important invention of Otto?

The gasoline-burning Internal Combustion Engine

What was the most important invention of Daimler and Benz?

The first automobile

Who started the first billion-dollar business?

P. Morgan

What was the last major nation to industrialize?

Russia

What is Romanticism?

Art that evokes strong emotion

What is Melodrama?

Type of story that is overly emotional or dramatic, includes heroes and villains

What is Realism?

An art type that revolves around ordinary events, normally made to draw attention to problems in society

Who was Lyell?

A geologist who wrote Principles of Geology (explains that the world formed gradually over millions of years through natural processes constantly changing)

Who wrote Origin of Species?

Charles Darwin

What theory did Origin of Species propose?

Natural Selection (process where organisms with helpful traits survive and reproduce, passing those traits on)

What was Eugenics?

The idea of applying selective breeding to humans, aiming to improve the population by letting only people considered “morally or genetically best” have children, and forcing sterilization on those deemed unfit

Who was Galton?

Galton developed the theory of Eugenics

What was Social Darwinism?

The idea “survival of the fittest” applied to humans. It focused on strength and power, argues that helping the weak was bad, and that the strong should conquer the weak

What does Bourgeoisie mean?

Factory/business owners

What does Proletariat mean?

Factory workers

Who wrote the Communist Manifesto?

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

What were Marx and Engels main beliefs of Communists?

They believe society is divided into classes and the workers are being exploited by the rich. They want to end private property, get rid of class systems, and give power to the proletariat. They think change can only happen through revolution and unity among workers worldwide. History is a class struggle

What was Marx and Engels belief about nations?

They believe there should be no such thing as countries, and instead of identifying by nationality, you identify by class

What is the main idea behind the book Ragged Dick?

Hard work, honesty, and determination can help a poor young boy rise from poverty to success, though he also gets lucky with opportunities along the way

What type of art is Ragged Dick an example of?

Melodrama

Why did Ragged Dick appeal to the common man?

Because it showed that an ordinary, poor boy could improve his life through hard work, honesty and determination. Readers could relate to his struggles and be inspired by the idea that success was possible even from humble beginnings

What type of art is Maggie an example of?

Realism

What things happened to the characters in Maggie that wouldn’t have happened to characters in a melodrama?

The characters face harsh realities of poverty and abuse. Maggie is abused by her family and eventually pushed into a life of prostitution, and there is no guaranteed happy ending

Would Maggie like the book “Ragged Dick” (Opinion Based Question, My Opinion)

No, because Maggie’s life is full of poverty and hardship, so the lucky rags-to-riches story of Ragged Dick would likely feel unrealistic to her.

What was the Congress of Vienna?

A meeting of European leaders to restore monarchies, maintain peace, and balance power after Napoleon’s defeat

Who was Metternich?

An Austrian foreign minister and the most influential leader at the Congress of Vienna. He fought to suppress nationalism

What were Metternich’s main goals?

To restore lawful monarchs, maintain peace and stability in Europe, preserve conservative rule, and prevent revolutions or the rise of liberal and nationalist movements

What was Conservatism?

A political belief that supported monarchies, tradition and order, opposed revolutions, and resisted demands for individual rights or representative governments

What was Nationalism?

The belief that people’s loyalty should be to their nation, defined by a shared language, culture, and institutions rather than to a king or region

What was the Crimean War?

When Russia attacked the Ottoman Empire, Britain and France joined the Ottomans, and it ended in a stalemate, and highlighted the Ottomans’ weakness

What empire was called the “Sick Man of Europe” and why?

The Ottoman Empire because it was weak and was losing control of its territories, which made it vulnerable to attacks from countries like Russia

Who was Guiseppe Garibaldi?

He raised a volunteer army called the Red Shirts, and helped complete the unification of Italy by 1870

How did Bismarck feel about democracy? Explain.

He did not support democracy. He believed in strong leadership and practical politics rather than relying on the people’s vote. He dismissed the Prussian Parliament when they refused to let him raise taxes, and instead of negotiating, he raised taxes anyway to build the military. Also, his statement about blood and iron shows he believed in using force and power, not speeches or majority decisions

What do the blood and iron in Bismarck’s statement refer to?

Blood and iron refers to using war and military strength/industrial power to achieve political goals, rather than relying on speeches, debates, or democratic power

Who was Herder?

Herder was a German philosopher who believed in nationalism (people who lived within the natural borders of a nation should unify). He thought it would bring peace.

What was the flaw in Herder’s pacifist vision of nationalism?

The flaw in his vision was that he didn’t think about minorities living inside those nations, and this created the possibility that minorities within those borders could get treated poorly

What are examples of Anti-Semitism in the Grimm Brothers story?

The Jewish character is not given a name and is only called “Jew”, he’s described using harmful stereotypes, the servant assumes he has “fleeced people” which connects to the stereotype of Jews being dishonest with money, and in the end, the Jew is portrayed as a liar and thief.

What was the Seneca Falls Convention?

The first women’s rights convention in the US held by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott (Produced Declaration of Sentiments)

What happened to Native Americans?

Expansion forced Native Americans off their land and onto reservations

Where did the British establish a penal colony in 1787?

Sydney, Australia

What was the British North America Act?

An act that made Canada self-governing at home but let Britain control foreign affairs

How were the natives in Australia treated?

Conflict with the British caused the Aborigine population to decrease dramatically, showing they were treated harshly

How were the natives in New Zealand treated?

The British killed most of the Maori and took their land

Why did Australia restrict the immigration of Asians?

Because of fears that they would take jobs from white workers, racial prejudice, and a desire to keep the country mostly European

What other nation restricted Asian immigration for similar reasons?

The US

What was the first country to give women the right to vote?

New Zealand

Who was Emmeline Parkhurst?

She founded the Women’s Social and Political Union in England and used protests and publicity stunts to draw attention to women’s right to vote.

Who were the suffragettes?

Women who fought for the right to vote using protests and stunts

How were Birth and Death rates during Pre-Industrial according to Malthus?

Birth Rates Increased, Death Rates Increased. No medicine was available and workers were needed

How were Birth and Death rates during Industrial Revolution according to Malthus?

Birth Rates Increase, Death Rates Decreased. Medicine began to become available and similar norms

How were Birth and Death rates during Post-Industrial according to Malthus?

Birth Rates Decreased, Death Rates Decreased. New medicine/preventatives became available, available education and new norms

How are Birth and Death rates during Doom according to Malthus?

Birth Rates Decrease, Death Rates Increase. Same norms but people will starve and die

Why did the Czar say it was a good idea to free the Serfs?

He thought freeing Serfs was safer than waiting for a possible revolt/revolution

What was the Bloody Sunday Massacre?

In Russia 1905, when unarmed workers marched to the Czar’s palace asking for reforms. The troops fired on the crowd, killing about 70 people, which sparked more strikes, uprisings, and military revolts

What was the Duma?

A “legislative body” created by the Czar after the Bloody Sunday Massacre. It didn’t have any real power, it was mainly to make the people happy

Who are the Nihlists?

People who don’t respect authority or principles and question everything. They focus on what is useful rather than following traditions, faith, or logic

Describe Bazarov.

He is a nihlist and medical student. He rejects authority, principles, and art, believing only in science and usefulness. He’s practical, critical of society, and thinks most people and traditions are pointless

Who was Marie Curie?

A scientist who helped discover radioactivity and discovered radium and polonium

Who was Louis Pasteur?

A scientist who developed germ theory, realizing that bacteria caused diseases. He also created vaccines for anthrax and rabies and invented pasteurization to make food safe

What were Einstein’s most famous ideas?

E=mc², theory of relativity, twin paradox, speed of light is the fastest thing, and the faster you go, the slower time passes for you.

What was the Theory of Relativity?

Time and motion are relative to the observer

Describe Pavlov’s famous experiments.

It involved dogs and digestion. He rang a dinner bell before feeding the dogs, and over time, the dogs began to salivate just at the bell even without food, showing they can be condition to respond to a stimulus

What theory did Pavlov develop?

Classical Condition

What were some of Freud’s theories?

Psychoanalysis, Oedipus Complex, Subconscious Influence, Castration Anxiety, Theory of Female Development

What was Zionism and who was the main advocate?

The movement of Jews seeking a homeland in Palestine because they felt they would never be fully accepted as equals in Europe. The main advocate was Theodor Herzl

What were some of the new art movements? Who was the most famous practitioner of each?

Impressionism and Monet, Postimpressionism and van Gogh, Cubism and Picasso, Abstract and Kandinsky

Who was Rutherford?

A scientist who developed the model of the atom with a central nucleus, and discovered radioactive decay. He was the Father of Nuclear Physics

What did E=mc(2) mean (energy = mass x speed of light (2))?

Only things that have no mass can be as fast as the speed of light

What was the twin paradox?

The theory that if there are two twins, one will go to space and one will go to Earth, and that the one on Earth will be older than the one in space.

What were the 3 parts of the human mind (according to Freud)?

Id (desire), Superego (morality), Ego (balance)

What was the Oedipus complex?

A boy feels a strong attachment to his mother, feels unconscious jealousy towards his father, and sees the father as a rival for the mother’s attention.

What was castrastion anxiety for boys (according to Freud)?

Boys unconsciously feared that their father would cut off their private parts.

What was Freud’s theory of female development?

Girls grew up jealous of boys because they didn’t have their anatomy.

What was Psychoanalysis (according to Freud)?

Idea that people’s behavior is driven by unconscious thoughts, and that talking about those hidden thoughts can help solve emotional problems

What was Subconscious Influence (according to Freud)?

Thoughts, memories, and desires you aren’t aware of still affect how you think and act.