History Grade 11th Civil War Study Guide

Hobbes

Supported absolute monarchy; people are naturally selfish.

Locke

Advocated for natural rights (life, liberty, property); influenced the Declaration of Independence.

Montesquieu

Proposed separation of powers in government.

Rousseau

Believed in the social contract and government by the general will.

Declaration of Independence

Draws heavily on Locke's ideas of natural rights.

Articles of Confederation

What was it?

The first U.S. constitution with a weak central government.

Articles of Confederation

Why did it fail?

It lacked central authority for taxation and law enforcement.

Articles of Confederation

Shays' Rebellion

Exposed the weaknesses of the Articles and led to the Constitutional Convention.

Federalists

Supported a strong central government.

Anti-Federalists

Favored states' rights and feared central government power.

Thomas Jefferson

Advocated for an agrarian society and states' rights.

Hamilton

Supported industrialization and a strong federal government.

Why was slavery kept?

Kept to ensure Southern support for the Constitution.

Judicial Review

Courts' power to declare laws unconstitutional (Marbury v. Madison).

Bill of Rights Creation

Added to protect individual liberties.

1st Amendment

Freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, and petition.

2nd Amendment

Right to bear arms.

4th Amendment

Protection against unreasonable searches.

5th Amendment

Protection against self-incrimination and double jeopardy.

6th Amendment

Right to a speedy trial.

7th Amendment

Right to trial by jury in civil cases.

10th Amendment

States' rights.

Marbury v. Madison

This case established the principle of judicial review.

Manifest Destiny

Impact

Promoted westward expansion, displacing Native Americans.

Manifest Destiny

Belief

The U.S. was destined to expand across the continent.

Manifest Destiny

Louisiana Purchase

1803 acquisition that doubled the U.S. size.

Major Compromises

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Balanced free and slave states.

Major Compromises

Compromise of 1850

Admitted California as a free state, strengthened the Fugitive Slave Law.

Economic Differences: North vs. South

North

Industrial economy, supported tariffs.

Economic Differences: North vs. South

South

Agricultural economy, relied on slavery.

Political Differences Between North and South

North

Favored a strong federal government.

Political Differences Between North and South

South

Emphasized states' rights.

Dred Scott v. Sandford Decision

African Americans could not be citizens; heightened pre-Civil War tensions.

John Brown and Harper's Ferry

John Brown:

Abolitionist who led a failed raid to incite a slave revolt.

Southern Secession

Event Leading to Secession

Lincoln's 1860 election.

Lincoln's View on Slavery

Opposed the expansion of slavery, later moved to abolish it.

New Technology

Rifles, ironclads, and railroads.

Confederate Leadership:

Jefferson Davis

Jefferson Davis, supported slavery and states' rights.

Sherman's March

Destructive campaign in the South.

Lincoln's VP

Andrew Johnson.

Assassination Date

Lincoln was killed on April 14, 1865.