Natural Science Bio

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Two hypotheses about Evolution at the time of Darwin

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Terms and Questions on Chapters 11,12 and 19

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Two hypotheses about Evolution at the time of Darwin

-species were made to do a job; similar species have similar jobs -Animals change and fossils should show these changes Inheritance of Acquired

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Two hypotheses about Evolution at the time of Darwin

-species were made to do a job; similar species have similar jobs -Animals change and fossils should show these changes

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Inheritance of Acquired

theory introduced by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck that said that animals pushed themselves to mak changes (which is flase)

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Macroevolution

consistent phenotypic changes overtime

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Evolutionary Theory

proposes that organisms arrived rarely in Hawaiian islands from otherplaces, then underwent "adaptive radiation" to new environment, different competitors, and new genera.

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Cell division gone wrong and Mutagens (Environmental Phenomena)

What are the causes of mutations in the evolutionary process?

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Mutation

alteration in base pair sequence of DNA; source of genetic variation

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The Environment of Mutation

What effects whether a mutation will be passed to offspring? (What effects if a mutation is good/bad/neutral)

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genetic drift

random change in allele frequency overtime since no particular allele s favored *reduces genetic variation

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founder effect

a small number of individuals leave a population and therefore have a different allele frequency; espeacially in smaller populations

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botteneck effect

some type of catastrophe may happen and cause a portion of a population to die out. changing the allele frequency

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Migration (gene flow)

when inividuals or a group migrate into or out of population changing one of both populations allele frequency

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natural selection

some organisms are more likely to survive based on favorable genes and success securing food; favorable genes are then passed on to offspring, altering allele frquency

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-variaton exists in all populations -Many aspects of variation are due to genetic differences -All species have the ability to produce more offspring than what will survive -resources are always limited, so no species reach biotic potential -organisms compete for resources

What are the principles of natural selection

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Divergent Evolution

2 species share a common ancestor and evolve in two different direction; share similar anatomy but display different overall morpologies

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homologous structures

Similar structures found in related but different species because of shared ancestor

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Convergent evolution

similar structures arise independently in species that are DISTANTLY related

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Population genetics

field of biology concerned with alleles present in an entire population

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Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

theory that states thar a populations allele are stable unless some evolutionary force is acting on them

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Dominiant Allele Frequency

What is p in hardy-weinburg?

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recessive allele frequency

What is q in hardy-weinburg?

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p+q=1

What is the formula for allele frequency in Hardy-Weinburg?

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p^2+2pq+q^2=1

What is the formula for gene frquency in Hardy Weinburg?

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-No selection -No Migration -No mutation -Large Population -Random Mating

What are the assumption of hardy-weinburg?

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-Fossil Records -Anatomy and Embryology -Biography -Molecular Biology

What are the evidences of evolution supporting the theory of Natural Selection?

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Anatomy and Embryology

embryos, homologuos structures, vestigial (purposeless) structures, and evoltuionary convergents are examples of what?

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allopatric speciation

speciation that arises due to geographic speration of a poplation for a long period of time; vhanges are unique to location

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Dispersal

type of allopatric speciation in which spcies move to a new area

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Vicariance

type of allopatric speciation in which a population is divided9physically) by some natural event

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sympatric speciation

speciation occurs in species while in the same location

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distributive selection

form of selection in which two extremes become more comme' elimination of intermidiare phenotypes

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-Natural Selection -Genetic Drift -Mutation -Migration

what are the mechanisms of evolution?

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Cladograms

charts that convey information about relative relationships; organisms closer together share a more common ancestor and more common features

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geographic isolation

species occurs in different places

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ecological isolation

species utilize different resources in a habitiat

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behavioral isolation

specials have different mating rituals

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temporal isolation

mating ot flowering occurs at different times betwwen species

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mechanical isolation

structural differences prevent mating

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prevention of gamete fusion

gametes fail to attract each other or function poorly

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-Hard to apply to all organisms -Not all offspring are fertile -Doesn't include asexual organisms

what is wrong with the biological species concept?

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Species (as defined by the morphological species concept

generally defined as a group of individuals that is unique and doesnt overlap in features extensively w/ another group

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Extinct

A vast majority of life on earth is ____________.

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  • Common ancestors shared -points at which they diverged from each other

systematic names are arranged by what two things?

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Phylogeny

evolutionary history of organisms

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Node

common ancestor; point at which species diverge [Canis in canis lupus (or greywolf)]

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Ecology

study of interactions between organisms and enviroment

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Individuals> Populations>Communities>Ecosystem

Levels of ecology in order

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life table

table that allows biologists to predict likelihood of dying or surviving a certain age group

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Rapid growth, steady growth, stable

age structures

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exponential growth

when each individual produces more offspring than needed to replace the current generation (any two parents having more than two offspring)

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Logistical growth

growth in which population expansion decrease as resources become scarce and popualtion reaches carrying capacity

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ecological footprint

Evaluating how much land, how much food and water, and how much fuel and other things are necessary for a population to survive

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Slow Growth Fast Growth Slow Growth

High Birth Rate/High Death rate=? High Birth Rate/Low death rate=? Low birth rate/Low death rate=?

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Community

Species at any given locality; charaterized by constituent species and geographic location

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Predation

Consuming of one organims by another organism that could possibly stimulate population cycles

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Physical Defenses against predation

Thorns, quils, camoflage, warning coloration, and mimicry are examples of what?

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Chemical defenses against Predation

Chemical ink, toxins, and poisons are examples of what?

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Behavorial Defenses against Predation

Hiding, escaping, and fighting back are examples of what?

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Niche

sum of total ways an organism utilizes resources of an organisms environment; the role a spevies plays

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fundamental niche

entire niche an organism could theoretically occupy

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realized niche

actual niche an organism can occupy based on competition

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competition

Describes interaction when two organisms attempt to use the same resources when there is not enough room to satify both

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interspecific competition

competition between individuals of different species

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intraspecific competition

competition between individuals of the same species

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principle of competitive exclusion

natural law that states that if two species compete, the one that uses it's resoucres more efficentally will eventually eliminate the other species locally

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competitive exclusion

winner of competition takes all resources and eliminates competition

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resource partitioning

species divide the resource they use in common by specializing in different ways to create two niches locally

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Allopatric

two species live in different habitats with similar ecological challenges exhibit the similar traits

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Sympatric

two or more species occupy same habitat have many differences; mutation of parent species passed onto offspring

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Symbiosis

two or more kinds of organisms live together in semi-permanent relationships

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Commensalism

A type of symbiosis between two species in which one species benefits and the other species is neither helped nor harmed.

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Mutualism

A type of symbiosis in which both species benefit from living together

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Parasitism

a type of symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other organism is harmed

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key species

a species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically.

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succession

the orderly, natural changes and species replacements that take place in the communities of an ecosystem

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primary succession

succession that occurs in an area in which no trace of a previous community is present

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pioneering community

the first to become established on a certain locallity

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secondary succession

occurs after an already established community is disturbed

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Tolerance

early succession sessions characterized by the colonizing groups ability to tolerate harsh conditions

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Facilitation

early colonizers change a habitat to later favor colonizing species

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Cause tempertre changes, ice melting, and sea level rise

What could High CO2 levels do to the environment?

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Recycle refrigerants, wind and solar energy generation, rebuilding decimated ecosystems, and changing agricultural practices

What are global fixes to lower the CO2 Levels?

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Stop wasting food, become vegan/vegitarian, recycle, compost, change to LED lighting, conserving water at home.

What are personal fixes to lowering CO2 levels?

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natural selection

Which specific concept did Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace Discover?

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