Studied by 55 PeopleTags & Description
Two hypotheses about Evolution at the time of Darwin
-species were made to do a job; similar species have similar jobs -Animals change and fossils should show these changes Inheritance of Acquired
Two hypotheses about Evolution at the time of Darwin
-species were made to do a job; similar species have similar jobs -Animals change and fossils should show these changes
Inheritance of Acquired
theory introduced by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck that said that animals pushed themselves to mak changes (which is flase)
Macroevolution
consistent phenotypic changes overtime
Evolutionary Theory
proposes that organisms arrived rarely in Hawaiian islands from otherplaces, then underwent "adaptive radiation" to new environment, different competitors, and new genera.
Cell division gone wrong and Mutagens (Environmental Phenomena)
What are the causes of mutations in the evolutionary process?
Mutation
alteration in base pair sequence of DNA; source of genetic variation
The Environment of Mutation
What effects whether a mutation will be passed to offspring? (What effects if a mutation is good/bad/neutral)
genetic drift
random change in allele frequency overtime since no particular allele s favored *reduces genetic variation
founder effect
a small number of individuals leave a population and therefore have a different allele frequency; espeacially in smaller populations
botteneck effect
some type of catastrophe may happen and cause a portion of a population to die out. changing the allele frequency
Migration (gene flow)
when inividuals or a group migrate into or out of population changing one of both populations allele frequency
natural selection
some organisms are more likely to survive based on favorable genes and success securing food; favorable genes are then passed on to offspring, altering allele frquency
-variaton exists in all populations -Many aspects of variation are due to genetic differences -All species have the ability to produce more offspring than what will survive -resources are always limited, so no species reach biotic potential -organisms compete for resources
What are the principles of natural selection
Divergent Evolution
2 species share a common ancestor and evolve in two different direction; share similar anatomy but display different overall morpologies
homologous structures
Similar structures found in related but different species because of shared ancestor
Convergent evolution
similar structures arise independently in species that are DISTANTLY related
Population genetics
field of biology concerned with alleles present in an entire population
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
theory that states thar a populations allele are stable unless some evolutionary force is acting on them
Dominiant Allele Frequency
What is p in hardy-weinburg?
recessive allele frequency
What is q in hardy-weinburg?
p+q=1
What is the formula for allele frequency in Hardy-Weinburg?
p^2+2pq+q^2=1
What is the formula for gene frquency in Hardy Weinburg?
-No selection -No Migration -No mutation -Large Population -Random Mating
What are the assumption of hardy-weinburg?
-Fossil Records -Anatomy and Embryology -Biography -Molecular Biology
What are the evidences of evolution supporting the theory of Natural Selection?
Anatomy and Embryology
embryos, homologuos structures, vestigial (purposeless) structures, and evoltuionary convergents are examples of what?
allopatric speciation
speciation that arises due to geographic speration of a poplation for a long period of time; vhanges are unique to location
Dispersal
type of allopatric speciation in which spcies move to a new area
Vicariance
type of allopatric speciation in which a population is divided9physically) by some natural event
sympatric speciation
speciation occurs in species while in the same location
distributive selection
form of selection in which two extremes become more comme' elimination of intermidiare phenotypes
-Natural Selection -Genetic Drift -Mutation -Migration
what are the mechanisms of evolution?
Cladograms
charts that convey information about relative relationships; organisms closer together share a more common ancestor and more common features
geographic isolation
species occurs in different places
ecological isolation
species utilize different resources in a habitiat
behavioral isolation
specials have different mating rituals
temporal isolation
mating ot flowering occurs at different times betwwen species
mechanical isolation
structural differences prevent mating
prevention of gamete fusion
gametes fail to attract each other or function poorly
-Hard to apply to all organisms -Not all offspring are fertile -Doesn't include asexual organisms
what is wrong with the biological species concept?
Species (as defined by the morphological species concept
generally defined as a group of individuals that is unique and doesnt overlap in features extensively w/ another group
Extinct
A vast majority of life on earth is ____________.
Common ancestors shared -points at which they diverged from each other
systematic names are arranged by what two things?
Phylogeny
evolutionary history of organisms
Node
common ancestor; point at which species diverge [Canis in canis lupus (or greywolf)]
Ecology
study of interactions between organisms and enviroment
Individuals> Populations>Communities>Ecosystem
Levels of ecology in order
life table
table that allows biologists to predict likelihood of dying or surviving a certain age group
Rapid growth, steady growth, stable
age structures
exponential growth
when each individual produces more offspring than needed to replace the current generation (any two parents having more than two offspring)
Logistical growth
growth in which population expansion decrease as resources become scarce and popualtion reaches carrying capacity
ecological footprint
Evaluating how much land, how much food and water, and how much fuel and other things are necessary for a population to survive
Slow Growth Fast Growth Slow Growth
High Birth Rate/High Death rate=? High Birth Rate/Low death rate=? Low birth rate/Low death rate=?
Community
Species at any given locality; charaterized by constituent species and geographic location
Predation
Consuming of one organims by another organism that could possibly stimulate population cycles
Physical Defenses against predation
Thorns, quils, camoflage, warning coloration, and mimicry are examples of what?
Chemical defenses against Predation
Chemical ink, toxins, and poisons are examples of what?
Behavorial Defenses against Predation
Hiding, escaping, and fighting back are examples of what?
Niche
sum of total ways an organism utilizes resources of an organisms environment; the role a spevies plays
fundamental niche
entire niche an organism could theoretically occupy
realized niche
actual niche an organism can occupy based on competition
competition
Describes interaction when two organisms attempt to use the same resources when there is not enough room to satify both
interspecific competition
competition between individuals of different species
intraspecific competition
competition between individuals of the same species
principle of competitive exclusion
natural law that states that if two species compete, the one that uses it's resoucres more efficentally will eventually eliminate the other species locally
competitive exclusion
winner of competition takes all resources and eliminates competition
resource partitioning
species divide the resource they use in common by specializing in different ways to create two niches locally
Allopatric
two species live in different habitats with similar ecological challenges exhibit the similar traits
Sympatric
two or more species occupy same habitat have many differences; mutation of parent species passed onto offspring
Symbiosis
two or more kinds of organisms live together in semi-permanent relationships
Commensalism
A type of symbiosis between two species in which one species benefits and the other species is neither helped nor harmed.
Mutualism
A type of symbiosis in which both species benefit from living together
Parasitism
a type of symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other organism is harmed
key species
a species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically.
succession
the orderly, natural changes and species replacements that take place in the communities of an ecosystem
primary succession
succession that occurs in an area in which no trace of a previous community is present
pioneering community
the first to become established on a certain locallity
secondary succession
occurs after an already established community is disturbed
Tolerance
early succession sessions characterized by the colonizing groups ability to tolerate harsh conditions
Facilitation
early colonizers change a habitat to later favor colonizing species
Cause tempertre changes, ice melting, and sea level rise
What could High CO2 levels do to the environment?
Recycle refrigerants, wind and solar energy generation, rebuilding decimated ecosystems, and changing agricultural practices
What are global fixes to lower the CO2 Levels?
Stop wasting food, become vegan/vegitarian, recycle, compost, change to LED lighting, conserving water at home.
What are personal fixes to lowering CO2 levels?
natural selection
Which specific concept did Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace Discover?