Natural Science Bio

Terms and Questions on Chapters 11,12 and 19

Two hypotheses about Evolution at the time of Darwin

-species were made to do a job; similar species have similar jobs
-Animals change and fossils should show these changes
Inheritance of Acquired

Two hypotheses about Evolution at the time of Darwin

-species were made to do a job; similar species have similar jobs
-Animals change and fossils should show these changes

Inheritance of Acquired

theory introduced by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck that said that animals pushed themselves to mak changes (which is flase)

Macroevolution

consistent phenotypic changes overtime

Evolutionary Theory

proposes that organisms arrived rarely in Hawaiian islands from otherplaces, then underwent "adaptive radiation" to new environment, different competitors, and new genera.

Cell division gone wrong and Mutagens (Environmental Phenomena)

What are the causes of mutations in the evolutionary process?

Mutation

alteration in base pair sequence of DNA; source of genetic variation

The Environment of Mutation

What effects whether a mutation will be passed to offspring? (What effects if a mutation is good/bad/neutral)

genetic drift

random change in allele frequency overtime since no particular allele s favored *reduces genetic variation

founder effect

a small number of individuals leave a population and therefore have a different allele frequency; espeacially in smaller populations

botteneck effect

some type of catastrophe may happen and cause a portion of a population to die out. changing the allele frequency

Migration (gene flow)

when inividuals or a group migrate into or out of population changing one of both populations allele frequency

natural selection

some organisms are more likely to survive based on favorable genes and success securing food; favorable genes are then passed on to offspring, altering allele frquency

-variaton exists in all populations
-Many aspects of variation are due to genetic differences
-All species have the ability to produce more offspring than what will survive
-resources are always limited, so no species reach biotic potential
-organisms compete for resources

What are the principles of natural selection

Divergent Evolution

2 species share a common ancestor and evolve in two different direction; share similar anatomy but display different overall morpologies

homologous structures

Similar structures found in related but different species because of shared ancestor

Convergent evolution

similar structures arise independently in species that are DISTANTLY related

Population genetics

field of biology concerned with alleles present in an entire population

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

theory that states thar a populations allele are stable unless some evolutionary force is acting on them

Dominiant Allele Frequency

What is p in hardy-weinburg?

recessive allele frequency

What is q in hardy-weinburg?

p+q=1

What is the formula for allele frequency in Hardy-Weinburg?

p^2+2pq+q^2=1

What is the formula for gene frquency in Hardy Weinburg?

-No selection
-No Migration
-No mutation
-Large Population
-Random Mating

What are the assumption of hardy-weinburg?

-Fossil Records
-Anatomy and Embryology
-Biography
-Molecular Biology

What are the evidences of evolution supporting the theory of Natural Selection?

Anatomy and Embryology

embryos, homologuos structures, vestigial (purposeless) structures, and evoltuionary convergents are examples of what?

allopatric speciation

speciation that arises due to geographic speration of a poplation for a long period of time; vhanges are unique to location

Dispersal

type of allopatric speciation in which spcies move to a new area

Vicariance

type of allopatric speciation in which a population is divided9physically) by some natural event

sympatric speciation

speciation occurs in species while in the same location

distributive selection

form of selection in which two extremes become more comme' elimination of intermidiare phenotypes

-Natural Selection
-Genetic Drift
-Mutation
-Migration

what are the mechanisms of evolution?

Cladograms

charts that convey information about relative relationships; organisms closer together share a more common ancestor and more common features

geographic isolation

species occurs in different places

ecological isolation

species utilize different resources in a habitiat

behavioral isolation

specials have different mating rituals

temporal isolation

mating ot flowering occurs at different times betwwen species

mechanical isolation

structural differences prevent mating

prevention of gamete fusion

gametes fail to attract each other or function poorly

-Hard to apply to all organisms
-Not all offspring are fertile
-Doesn't include asexual organisms

what is wrong with the biological species concept?

Species (as defined by the morphological species concept

generally defined as a group of individuals that is unique and doesnt overlap in features extensively w/ another group

Extinct

A vast majority of life on earth is ____________.

- Common ancestors shared
-points at which they diverged from each other

systematic names are arranged by what two things?

Phylogeny

evolutionary history of organisms

Node

common ancestor; point at which species diverge [Canis in canis lupus (or greywolf)]

Ecology

study of interactions between organisms and enviroment

Individuals> Populations>Communities>Ecosystem

Levels of ecology in order

life table

table that allows biologists to predict likelihood of dying or surviving a certain age group

Rapid growth, steady growth, stable

age structures

exponential growth

when each individual produces more offspring than needed to replace the current generation (any two parents having more than two offspring)

Logistical growth

growth in which population expansion decrease as resources become scarce and popualtion reaches carrying capacity

ecological footprint

Evaluating how much land, how much food and water, and how much fuel and other things are necessary for a population to survive

Slow Growth
Fast Growth
Slow Growth

High Birth Rate/High Death rate=?
High Birth Rate/Low death rate=?
Low birth rate/Low death rate=?

Community

Species at any given locality; charaterized by constituent species and geographic location

Predation

Consuming of one organims by another organism that could possibly stimulate population cycles

Physical Defenses against predation

Thorns, quils, camoflage, warning coloration, and mimicry are examples of what?

Chemical defenses against Predation

Chemical ink, toxins, and poisons are examples of what?

Behavorial Defenses against Predation

Hiding, escaping, and fighting back are examples of what?

Niche

sum of total ways an organism utilizes resources of an organisms environment; the role a spevies plays

fundamental niche

entire niche an organism could theoretically occupy

realized niche

actual niche an organism can occupy based on competition

competition

Describes interaction when two organisms attempt to use the same resources when there is not enough room to satify both

interspecific competition

competition between individuals of different species

intraspecific competition

competition between individuals of the same species

principle of competitive exclusion

natural law that states that if two species compete, the one that uses it's resoucres more efficentally will eventually eliminate the other species locally

competitive exclusion

winner of competition takes all resources and eliminates competition

resource partitioning

species divide the resource they use in common by specializing in different ways to create two niches locally

Allopatric

two species live in different habitats with similar ecological challenges exhibit the similar traits

Sympatric

two or more species occupy same habitat have many differences; mutation of parent species passed onto offspring

Symbiosis

two or more kinds of organisms live together in semi-permanent relationships

Commensalism

A type of symbiosis between two species in which one species benefits and the other species is neither helped nor harmed.

Mutualism

A type of symbiosis in which both species benefit from living together

Parasitism

a type of symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other organism is harmed

key species

a species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically.

succession

the orderly, natural changes and species replacements that take place in the communities of an ecosystem

primary succession

succession that occurs in an area in which no trace of a previous community is present

pioneering community

the first to become established on a certain locallity

secondary succession

occurs after an already established community is disturbed

Tolerance

early succession sessions characterized by the colonizing groups ability to tolerate harsh conditions

Facilitation

early colonizers change a habitat to later favor colonizing species

Cause tempertre changes, ice melting, and sea level rise

What could High CO2 levels do to the environment?

Recycle refrigerants, wind and solar energy generation, rebuilding decimated ecosystems, and changing agricultural practices

What are global fixes to lower the CO2 Levels?

Stop wasting food, become vegan/vegitarian, recycle, compost, change to LED lighting, conserving water at home.

What are personal fixes to lowering CO2 levels?

natural selection

Which specific concept did Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace Discover?

Two types of fish eat the same kind of food and one is better able to gather the food than the other.

What is a situation that would lead to natural selection?

Microevolution describes the evolution of populations, while macroevolution describes the emergence of new species over long periods of time.

What is the difference between micro- and macroevolution?

how allele frequencies in a population change over time

Population genetics is the study of ________.

gene flow

Galápagos medium ground finches are found on Santa Cruz and San Cristóbal islands, which are separated by about 100 km of ocean. Occasionally, individuals from either island fly to the other island to stay. This can alter the allele frequencies of the population through which of the following mechanisms?

mutation and gene flow

In which of the following pairs do both evolutionary processes introduce new genetic variation into a population?

homologous structures

The wing of a bird and the arm of a human are examples of ________.

descent with modification

The fact that DNA sequences are more similar in more closely related organisms is evidence of what?

longer distance between divided groups

Which variable increases the likelihood of allopatric speciation taking place more quickly?

organize and classify organisms

What do scientists in the field of systematics accomplish?

chimpanzees and humans evolved from a common ancestor

Which best describes the relationship between chimpanzees and humans?

response to similar environmental pressures

How are analogies derived?

Type I

Human populations have which type of survivorship curve?

Logistic

Species with limited resources usually exhibit a(n) ________ growth curve.

carrying capacity

The population size of a species capable of being supported by the environment is called its ________.

density-independent

A forest fire is an example of ________ regulation.

pioneer species

The first species to live on new land, such as that formed from volcanic lava, are called________.