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Alkane ——> Haloalkane
Substitution, HX, UV light
Haloalkane ——> Alcohol
Substitution, NaOH(aq) or KOH(aq), heat under reflux
Haloalkane ——> Amine
Substitution, NH3(alc), heat in sealed tube
Haloalkane ——> Alkene
Elimination, KOH(alc), heat under reflux
Alkene ——> Dihaloalkane
Addition, X2
Alkene ——> Haloalkane
Addition, HX
Alkene ———> Alkane
Addition (hydrogenation), H2 gas, Ni catalyst, heat
Alkene ——> Alcohol
Addition (hydration), H2O with conc H2SO4 (catalyst), heat
Alkene ——> Diol
Oxidation, acidified MnO4- (purple to colourless)
Alkene ———> Polymer
Polymerisation, addition, monomers, high pressure, catalyst
Alcohol ——> Haloalkane
Substitution, PCl3, PCl5 or SOCl2
Alcohol ——> Alkene
Elimination (dehydration), Conc H2SO4 or Al2O3, Heat
Primary Alcohol ——> Aldehyde
Oxidation, MnO4-/H+ or Cr2O7/H+, distillation
Primary Alcohol ——> Carboxylic Acid
Oxidation, MnO4-/H+ or Cr2O7/H+, Reflux
Secondary Alcohol ——> Ketone
Oxidation, MnO4-/H+ or CrO72-/H+, Reflux
Aldehyde ——> Carboxylic Acid
Oxidation, MnO4-/H+ or Cr2O7/H+, Reflux
Aldehyde ——> Primary Alcohol
Reduction, NaBH4
Carboxylic Acid ——> Acyl Chloride
Substitution, SOCl2
Carboxylic Acid ———> Salt + Water
Acid base, NaOH or metal carbonate
Carboxylic Acid ———> Ester
Esterification, condensation, Alcohol and conc H2SO4, heat under reflux
Acid Chloride ———> Ester
Esterification, condensation, Alcohol
Acid Chloride ———> Amide
Condensation, NH3 (ammonia)
Acid Chloride ———> Secondary Amine
Condensation, Amine
Acid Chloride ———> Carboxylic Acid
Hydrolysis, H2O
Ester ———> Carboxylic Acid + Alcohol
Acidic Hydrolysis, dilute H2SO4, heat under reflux
Ester ———> Carboxylate Salt + Alcohol
Basic Hydrolysis, NaOH(aq), heat under reflux
Amine ———> Secondary Amine
Substitution, Haloalkane, heat in a sealed tube
Amine ———> Amide
Condensation, acid chloride
Amine ———> Ammonium salt
Acid base, acid eg HCl
Cr2O72-
Orange ——> Green
MnO4-
Purple to colourless
Tollens reagent
Test for Aldehyde, oxidation, Silver mirror, heat, produce carboxylic acid
Benedicts/Fehlings solution,
test for Aldehyde (Ketone won’t react) Blue —> Brick red precipitate, oxidation, produces Carboxylic acid.