Anatomy roots

a-, an-

without

ante-

before

append

hang to

axi

axis

brachi

arm

cardi

heart

cuad

tail

cephal/crani

head

contra

against, opposite

dors

the back

epi-

above,over

-graph

write

infer

low, underneath

infra-

belo

ipsi

same

later

side

morpho

form,shape

-logy

the study of

para

beside, near

pariet

a wall

patho/pathy

disease

peri-

around

pleur

rib,side

post

behind, after

sagitt

arrow

super

above

tom

cut

trans

across, through

venter, ventr

belly

viscero

organs

antebrachial

before arm.

the forearm region is also called the antebrachium.

pericardium

around the heart. the pericardium is a membranous structure located around the heart.

ipsilateral

same side. Ipsilateral refers to structures located on the same side of the body.

parietal pleura

wall rib. It is a serous membrane that forms the external boundary (wall) of the pleural cavity. This layer adheres to the deep surface of the thoracic cage, the ribs.

pathology

study of disease. pathology is the study of diseased tissue

axial tomography

Axis cut writing. It is an imaging technique that takes sequential cross-sectional images

histology

microscopic study of tissue structure

radiography

study of internal body structures from X-ray and other iamging techniques

hepatitis

inflammation of the liver

brachial

arm

Tissue

group of cells and associated extracellular material of similar structure with a common function.

epithelial tissue

covering or lining tissue

connective tissue

Functions in support and protection

muscle tissue

produces movement

nervous tissue

allows for internal communication by electrical impulses

SEM

scanning electron microscopy. produces 3-d images of surface features

Branches of anatomy (5)

1. gross anatomy (visible to naked eye; muscles, bones, organs)

2. microscopic anatomy ( histology)

3. developmental anatomy (embryology)

4. comparative anatomy (Correspondence of form)

5. functional morphology (correlate form with specific function)

Hierarchy of structural organization (6)

1. chemical level

2. cellular level

3. tissue level: group of cells performing a common function. (epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle)

4. organ level

5. organ system

6. organism

chemical level of structural organization

atoms form molecules. elements of life: C,H,O,S,Ca, P

macromolecules of life: carbohydrates, proteins, fats (lipids), and nucleic acids

elements of life

C, H, O, N, S, Ca, and P

macromolecules of life

carbohydrates, proteins, fats (lipids), and nucleic acids

cellular level structural organization

cells and their functional subunits.

organelles: perform specific cell functions

tissue level

group of cells performing a common function. 4 types

epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle

organ level

a discrete structure made up of more than one tissue

organ system

organs working tg for a common purpose

organism

the result of al simpler levels working in unison

what do cells do?

1. Cells must carry out all processes necessary for the survival of the cell

2. each cell must perform specific functions required for survival of organism - no slackers

differentiation

process by which cells become specialized to perform specific functions

stem cells

undifferentiated cells.

unspecialized cells with the unique ability to self -reew and differentiate- turn into various specialized cells like muscle, blood, or brain cells.

stem cells are crucial for

act as the body’s internal repair system, replacing damaged or lost cells, and are crucial for growth and maintaining tissues. in embryos and adult body tissues.

two main categories of stem cells

1. embryonic stem cells

2. tissue specific stem cells

tissue specific stem cells

partially specialized, found in many adult tissues. also called somatic stem cells.

embryonic stem cells

pluripotent, can become any cell type of adult BUT placenta

totipotent cell

zygote, & first few cell divisions. can become any cell INCLUDING placenta.

the hierarchy of structural organization

atom, molecule macromolecule, organelle, cell tissue, organ, organ system, organism

anatomical position

common visual reference point.

a. person stands erect with feet tg, eyes forward

b. palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the body

regional terms

names of specific body areas.

a. axial region

b. appendicular region

axial region

the main axis of the body (head, neck, and trunk)

appendicular region

the limbs