Macromolecules

Carbon atoms have [ ] electrons but [ ] valence electrons that can form strong _______ bonds.

6; 4; covalent

Carbon can bond to _____________ making unlimited chains with ________, _________, or ___________ bonds.

other carbon atoms; single; double; triple

Cells build (most) macromolecules by taking small molecules and putting them in long chains called ___________.

polymers

Monomers form polymers by _________ bonds. This is called ___________.

covalent; polymerization

Function of carbohydrates

Main source of short term energy. It is also the main energy source for the body.

Carbohydrate Elements

1 Carbon, 2 Hydrogen, 1 Oxygen

Carbohydrate Monomers

Monosaccharides (single sugars)

Carbohydrate Polymers

Polysaccharides (3 or more monosaccharides put together)

Examples of carbohydrates

Cellulose (plants), glycogen (animals), bread, potatoes, corn, pasta

Carbohydrate structure

Ring form or linear form (but most commonly ring form, where it looks like either a hexagon or a pentagon)

Lipid function

Long term energy storage, protection, insulation, buoyancy

Lipid monomers

Fatty acids and glycerol (but not a true monomer because they lack a single repeating unit that forms the basis of their structure)

Lipid polymers

NONE- we just call them lipid monomers

Lipid Elements

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (although the phosphate head of a phospholipid is an exception, as it has nitrogen and phosphorus in it)

Examples of lipids

Cholestrol, hormones, phospholipids, steroids, waxes, oil, butter

Saturated fatty acids

Usually solid at room temperature (think butter), usually found in animal products like meat and dairy, has SINGLE BONDS

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Usually liquid at room temperature, found in plant products like nuts, oils, and fish, has DOUBLE bonds that usually depicted as BENT

Lipid structure

Looks like a letter “E” (when the phosphate head is not included in the diagram).

Protein functions

Control reactions, regulate cell function, form bones and muscles, fight/prevent diseases, transport substances

Protein elements

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen (CHON)

Protein Monomers

Amino acids (joined by peptide bonds)

Protein polymers

Polypeptides

Protein examples

Enzymes, hemoglobin, antibiotics, hormones, eggs, tofu, nuts, beans, meat, fish

Nucleic acid function

Stores genetic information and protein synthesis

Nucleic acid elements

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus (CHONP)

Nucleic acid monomers

Nucleotides

Nucleic acid polymers

Nucleic acids

Examples of nucleic acids

DNA and RNA

Nucleic acid structure

Has phosphorus, a nitrogenous base, and deoxyribose or ribose sugars

Differences between DNA and RNA

DNA is double stranded and has the nitrogenous bases, adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. RNA is single stranded and has the nitrogenous bases adenine, guanine, and cytosine, but instead of thymine, has uracil.

How polymers form

Dehydration synthesis: An H+ and OH- are removed to form polymers and water (the water is like a product)

How polymers break apart

Water is ADDED to break polymers. Hydro = water. Lysis = break.