anthro final

Macro & Local Levels of Social Analysis

Local Level: Analyzing relationships of a single society (village)

Macro Level: Analyzing relationships between societies (colonialism, globalization, trade)

Imperialism

the process by which a dominant culture imposes its values, beliefs, and practices on other culture

3 Waves of European Colonial Expansion (& Japan)

European colonial expansion occurred in three waves: first for exploration and resources, then to fuel industrial capitalism, and finally, a competitive scramble for territories, with Japan joining in later.

Profit and the Colonies

-Profit from colonies involved direct settlement for markets, using local resources and people, and various coercive methods like slavery or taxes to maximize economic gain.

Direct Settlement: send people form markets/ start colonies.

-Penal colonies: convicts sent overseas

-Develop Resource Extraction: mining operations, plantations, cash crops (sugar cane, coffee, cotton, rubber)

-Make use of Local People

-Direct Coercion: slave trade, blackbirding, conscription

-Indirect: Taxes, Dispossession of land (take away means of production, must work for wage)

Conscription

A military draft

Colonial Strategies of Accessing Labor

-slave trade

-black-birding

conscripted labor

Local Impacts of Colonialism

Depopulation: disease. ex. N. American and Disease

-Wars of Conquest & Subjugation Imperialism

Ex. Herero Revolt

Imperialism

the process by which a dominant culture imposes its values, beliefs, and practices on other cultures

American Indians and Disease

the historical and ongoing phenomenon where Native American populations have experienced devastating impacts from diseases brought by European colonizers,

Herero Revolt

german colony of South West Africa, large ethnic group that were pushed by Germans into a marginalized territory. Herero retaliated and fought with Germans even though they were ultimately killed.

The "Frontier"

a set of approaches that focus on understanding and explaining socio-cultural change and dynamics in contact situations between groups or cultures.

Reserves

an area that protects a society's lifestyle by preserving traditional activities and natural resources while ensuring their future availability

Indian Removal Act of 1830

signed by Andrew Jackson, any indian people living in south were known as civilized indians, dressed as western european and were literate, planted and sold cotton and owned slaves. People were jealous of indians and pressured president to pass act Caused the trail of tears

land tenure

land is owned by an individual

Privatization of Land v. Corporate Land

corporate land is held collectively by a group privatized land is individually owned , corporate is inalienable (unable to take away) and privatized is alienable(able to take away)

Commodification

to take something and make it alienable and transforming it into a commodity for exchange

Alienable and Inalienable

Inalienable- unable to be taken away from or given away by the possessor.Alienable - able to be taken or given new ownership

The Mahele

Land act of 1848 changed land from communal to privatized so that people could slowly take there land

Rubber Production in the Belgian Congo

Super abusive forced labor of people to produce rubber for automobile boom before synthetic rubber was made. Would even hold families hostage

Phosphate Mining on Nauru

The destruction of their lands due to phosphate mining where you take only the top soil destroyed their island

Scientific Racism

Analyzing how people came to look at work this way, this divided humankind into discrete, racial types that were "ranked".Unilinear Social Evolutionism

Unilinear Social Evolutionism

The idea of survival of the fittest in relation t societies; more fit societies come to dominate less fit societies in order to "improve" their culture. Legitimates mistreatment/genocide; believed to be a natural occurring process.

Social Darwinism

Former colonies are now independent, but imperialism is still around; the elite take control of resources, and economic/political relationships still exist

power of representation

the study of how power dynamics within a society are reflected and perpetuated through cultural representations, including narratives, symbols, images, and practices, highlighting how dominant groups can use these representations to maintain their power and potentially marginalize other groups

Imperialism & the Postcolonial World

Former colonies are now independent, but imperialism is still around; the elite take control of resources, and economic/political relationships still exist

development

Unilinear evolution of nations, using history to define where we are now, and see change from the past.

Intervention Philosophies

Idea that outsiders use to justify forced involvement in the affairs of other countries just like colonialism

capitalist world system

Global system of economic and political relations in which capital relations dominate.

Core, Semiperiphery, Periphery

Core: Diversified economy (United states, all big powers)Semi- Periphery: Are industrialized but don't have wealth or influenceLike Brazil, Mexico, India (sort of china)Periphery: No industrialization or just a little, mainly third world countries

Globality

• forms of social, cultural, economic, and political interlinkage

• Nation State and New forms of Governmentality

• Identity

the process by which the world becomes more interconnected and interdependent through the movement of people, goods, information, and ideas across national borders

Capitalism

Individuals determine prices of products that they make/sell. You need capital to start a business, idea of a market

Totalizing

Form of misrepresentation, looking at a complex whole with many parts that are interrelated, taking one part and using it to speak about the whole

Capitalism on the Periphery

Labor intensive, low standards of living, non diversified economies Export raw materials and imported manufactured goods People work for low wages, corporations see opportunities in overseas labor

Routinization of Production & Taylorism

Technological advancements led to improvements in labor/automation. Now it requires less educationTaylorism: changes the way you organize your workers and equipment to get max efficiency

Multi-National Corporations

Companies spread across different countries to do assembly might make parts in china but assemble them in US

Free Trade Zones (FTZ)

Way to get companies to come to your country, foreign company exempt from local laws like pollution reduction

Proletarianization

The process of making an outsourced worker an industrialized proletariat. You adjust their beliefs and change how they think to become efficient capitalist workers

Capitalist Discipline

Kind of power, exercise in power in subjugated workers, targets the very body of the woman worker herself, transforms into a docile body

Anthropological Perspectives on "the Political"

Everything that links, governs relations between societies

power

Michel Foucault - nuclear power, electric operates through a machine or an apparatusSpoken in terms of shaping social practices and completing tasks, a kind of energy. Known, but its effects cannot be possessed.Marx = class based society based on owner and workersFoucault = biopower, discipline, how it works through the body

Docile Bodies

Body of individual worker is the target; to be transformed into a body that does what you tell it to do

Malaysia

the plan to be fully industrialized by this time, encouraged foreign companies to come and industrialize, labor from single, young women.

Kampung (Village)

Malay hamlet or village smaller than a town. Basic community, territorial unit

adat

Part of a cultural source, older and a longer history. Strong relationship between mother and child encouraged by this influence. Set of cultural rules that are in malaysia like mother daughter relationship

islam

Part of culture source came from India. Malaysian region introduced in 13th century.

Rural Malay Gender Constructions

Men have a strong spiritual essence which gives men a certain willpower. Women have weaker moral character, get carried away by feelings. Sets up hierarchy for authority. Men hold authority and control women because they are a threat to men.

Gender & Authority in Village Homes

Women's sexuality can threaten spiritual integrity of men so they cover themselves up and stay at home. Men have authority over women

Female Threats to Male Spiritual Purity

Women can use their body to tempt men, and destroy their spirituality. Therefore, they need to be controlled

Dangerous Places

Women need to avoid where Hantu might lurk because they are not spiritually strong enough and can't talk to other men that aren't relatives

Spirits (Hantu)

Encompasses the spiritually weak "possessed" by exhaustion and stress Loss of labor due to fear of possession and factory has to temporarily shut down

Stages of Woman's Life

Youth: weakest spirit, under authority of father, stay in village. Little direct supervision is by older female relatives

-Sexually Mature: most dangerous, stronger spirit. threat to men

-Married: under authority of hubby, self regulate

-Elder: spiritually strong as a man, no longer a threat to men, therefor no restrictions and are respected in village

janda

a divorced women

Time in the Kampung vs the Factory

Kampung = socializing while you workFactory = work time and social time separate

Tyranny of the Clock

Regulates the workersFractures people's day

Fractured Day

Breaking day into social in work instead of doing them both at the same time

Education, Work

Sons: High stable job in gov, no chores, keep going to school

Daughters: Stay at home and work in factories until marriage, eventually quit school to do housework or get married or job

Changes in Authority in the Village

Now daughters bring in money and have some control over allocation of income

Micro-Chip Factories in the FTZ

• Attracting a Young Female Workforce

• Reproduction of Patriarchy in the Factory

• Unlimited Production Demands

Employs single young women because they keep wages and labor costs low. Work is temporary because of expectation of children. Girls usually quit before eyesight goes bad. Have male supervisors to ensure patriarchal values and less likely to form labor unionsGiving family names to supervisorsPrayer halls in factories

Discipline in the Factory v. the Kampung

Factory: always being monitored, making women modify behavior, 2 way mirrors, factory clothing over regular. Discipline targets body location, position, layout, uniforms.

Kampung: little supervision, if any done by parents

Worker Responses to Stress

Stresses: little sleep, work at home and factory, migraines, fractured day, strange men watching you, big eye, unlimited production demands

Responses = crying, accidents, frequent bathroom requests, prayer hall requests, spirit possession

Worker Responses to Stress

Stresses: little sleep, work at home and factory, migraines, fractured day, strange men watching you, big eye, unlimited production demandsResponses = crying, accidents, frequent bathroom requests, prayer hall requests, spirit possession

Spirit Possessions on the Shop Floor

Factories built where spirits once lived so people can become possessed everyone leaves, have to call in shamon to get rid of spirits

Bio-Politics (Bio-Power)

Naturalization of power relations that we create, power relations on the body

Constructions of Female Bodies

Women seen as perfect fit for a job because they have small hands

Biological Determinism

Justify positions in society based on biological factors, power of culture to naturalize

Public Perceptions of Female Factory Workers

Negative, viewed as "sluts" breaking their rolls and leaving the village

bebas

Someone who is free and unrestricted by customs. The women that leave to go to factory jobs breaking traditions in doing so. Do whatever they want unrestricted

Spirit Possession as Resistance

Using spirit possession to get a little bit of a political position, if the work is too hard more possessions so factory must balance

Hegemony

State of affairs when the power relations of society are to be taken to be "natural" and necessary, ordained by God

Public Transcript & Hidden Transript

Hidden transcripts (underground transcripts) "accidents", spirit possessions both seen as this. Gives hegemonic discourses of gender breaks what behavior is expected of women Unconscious resistance

Public Transcript: what you seem to be communicating to the people above you

Discourse

Communicated message about what true in the world. (US we believe hard work makes money)

Applied Anthropology

Using anthropology to solve an issue in the world

Cultural Imperialism

Forcing your cultural beliefs onto other cultures

Indigenizing Popular Culture

Taking a culture and modifying it to fit your culture, taking something and making it fit your culture.

Diaspora

Movement of a population sharing a common identity, spread throughout the land. Common home and culture.