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What is a federal system?
Two constitutionally recognized levels of government, each with sovereignty
What does the national government have jurisdiction for? What about states?
The entire geographic area of the nation, the entire geographic area of a states borders
What is a unitary system?
There is only one central, sovereign government that can create other regional goverments
What is a confederal system?
Several sovereign governments agree to cooperate on policy matters while retaining ultimate authority over themselves
What is an example of a confederal system from American history?
The Articles of Confederation
What are the 3 reasons for why the federal system seems confusing?
Vague constitutional language, state govs have established lots of local govs, most gov services/benefits are a product of coop between two or more govs
What are concurrent powers?
Powers that both the national and state governments have and exercise at the same time
What are enumerated powers?
Powers of the national gov that are listed in the constitution
What are implied powers?
Not enumerated but necessary for fulfilling enumerated powers
What is the elastic cause?
Gives congress the power to do whatever necessary and constitutional to meet its enumerated obligations
What are reserved powers?
The 10th amendment, all powers not delegated or prohibited by the constitution are reserved for the states
What part of the constitution do reserved powers come from?
The bill of rights, 10th amendment
What are police powers? Who do these powers belong to?
The states powers to protect the health, safety, lives, and property of their citizens
What must each state guarantee to all citizens from out of state?
Provide the same privileges and immunites as its citizens
What are full faith and credit clause?
Each state must comply and uphold public acts, records and judicial decisions of other states
What is the commerce clause?
Delegates power to congress to regulate interstate and international commercial interaction
How has the supreme court ruled on reproductive rights and environmental protections?
That the constitution doesn’t declare the right to termination of pregnancy and environmental protections
What is dual federalism?
National-state IGR where the national government takes care of its enumerated powers and the states of their reserved powers
What is cooperative federalism?
National-state IGR where the national gov supports state govs efforts to address their own domestic matters
What is devolution?
The return of policy responsibilities to the state or local govs
What is nullification?
Legal theory that state govs have the authority to invalidate national actions they deem unconstitutional
What are grants-in-aid?
The transfer of money from one gov to another that doesn’t need to be repaid
What are categorical formula grants?
Grant-in-aid for a narrowly defined purpose
What are block grants?
Grant-in-aid for a broadly defined policy area
What are mandates?
Clauses in legislation that direct state and local govs to comply with national rules
What are preemptions?
National policy can supersede a state or local policy because it deals with an enumerated or implied power of the national gov