The Age of Jackson

What was Jacksonian Democracy called?

The Era of the Common Man

What were the political changes in American Society?

Voting laws and changes in political parties and election campaigns

What does Universal White Male Suffrage mean?

Western states admitted to the Union in the early 1800s allowed only white males to vote and hold office and to enact voting laws regardless of previous property qualifications for voting (used to have to own property in order to have the right to vote)

What was counted for the first time in the Election of 1824 which was John Quincy Adams vs Andrew Jackson?

The popular vote

What vote is typically counted by state legislators in an election?

The Electoral College

Most states allow voters to select their states presidential electors. (T or F)

True

Does the winner of the popular vote always win the Election?

No

When was Andrew Jackson’s presidency?

1829-1837

Andrew Jackson’s traits included what?

He chewed tobacco, survived a presidential assassination, and had a violent temper.

Andrew Jackson was called what?

“Hero of the common man”

Did Andrew Jackson have a formal education?

No

What war led to his rise in prominence?

Battle of New Orleans (War of 1812)

What did “Age of Jackson” mean?

democratic reforms and political changes that allowed more white men the ability to vote

The Age of Jackson was a move from what type of system to which system?

Move from the CAUCUS SYSTEM ( where you choose your candidates for office) to a PARTY CONVENTION SYSTEM ( where a political party nominates a candidate)

Who is considered SYMBOLIC of the political changes from 1824-1840 even though he didn’t create the changes and women still couldn’t vote?

Andrew Jackson

What were the SYMBOLIC political changes in the Age of Jackson?

large voter turnouts at the polls, elections included large rallies with free food and drink, and candidates tried to appeal to voters by personally attacking their opponent instead of focusing on political issues

What was the 2nd Two-Party System to re-emerge?

Democrats and Whigs

What were jackson supporters called?

Democrats

What were the people who opposed Jackson called?

Whigs (1834) In England, the term Whig means opposition.

What were the characteristics of the Democrats?

1. limited federal gov’t

2. opposed the BUS (bank of United States)

3. favored Indian removal

4. wanted westward expansion

5. supported the lower classes (poor people)

What were the characteristics of the Whigs?

1. believed in expanding the power of the federal govt

2. favored internal improvements

3. supported BUS

4. wanted the expansion of industry

What does SPOILS SYSTEM mean?

Jackson appointed his friends and allies to government positions (patronage) instead of well qualified applicants

How did Jackson appoint people to federal jobs?

based on whether they had campaigned for him and the Democratic party

What was a major event in jackson presidency?

He was called the Veto King

Why was jackson called the VETO KING?

he vetoed 12 pieces of congressional legislation ( more than any other president (predecessors).)

What was something Jackson vetoed?

The “Maysville ROAD “ Project which only would have benefited one state, KENTUCKY, but was the home of his political enemy, HENRY CLAY

What was another major event in Jackson Presidency?

THE PEGGY EATON AFFAIR

What was the PEGGY EATON AFFAIR?

She was the target of gossip from wives from the people in the govt cabinet. She was Jackson’s SECRETARY OF WAR’s mistress before she got married.

Why did Jackson’s Vice President, JOHN CALHOUN, resign?

Because Jackson forced his cabinet members wives to associate (become friendly with ) Peggy Eaton. Cabinet member didn’t like being told to do this.

What was meant by Jackson’s KITCHEN CABINET?

Because of the Eaton AFFAIR, Jackson often ignored his cabinet members and relied on his friends for political advice.

The Indian Removal Act meant what?

Jackson supported forcing the Native Americans further west because the land hungry settlers wanted to live where the Natives were.

Where did Jackson authorize the federal govt to move the Native Americans to in 1830?

Oklahoma

Jackson resettled 1000s of Native Americans. T or F

True (Called the TRAIL OF TEARS)

Who’s land was gold found and then they were pressured to move west even though they tried to fight the FORCED REMOVAL through the court system?

Cherokee

What was Worcester vs Georgia 1832 Court case about?

Supreme Court Justice John Marshall revoked the power ( took it away from the states) state govt in regard to laws about the Cherokees. Said the power belonged to the federal govt only

Did Marshall rule in favor of the Cherokees fighting against their removal?

Yes. He sided with the Cherokees. Jackson sided with the states and used the federal govt to forcefully remove the Cherokees from Georgia.

What was Jackson’s response to Marshalls ruling?

“John Marshall has made his ruling, now let him enforce it.” (Jackson made the ruling work against Marshall)

TRAIL OF TEARS (1838-1839)

16,000 Cherokee were forcibly removed from their territory and were forced to march to land in Oklahoma and ultimately 4,000 of them died.

The NULLIFICATION CRISIS involved what person?

John Calhoun

What roles did Joh Calhoun serve in?

He was VP (Vice President) under John Adams and Jackson and also served as Governor and Senator for South Carolina (SC)

What did John Calhoun write?

The SOUTH CAROLINA EXPOSITION AND PROTEST, which led to the Nullification Crisis

What was the Theory of NULLIFICATION that Calhoun used?

It said that states had the right to reject Federal law.

Where did the THEORY OF NULLIFICATION came from?

It was originally from the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions giving states power to reject federal law.

What did Calhoun use the Theory of Nullification for?

to oppose the the TARIFFS OF ABOMINATIONS

What was the TARIFFS OF ABOMINATIONS?

Congress had voted to raise tariffs on imports (stuff we get from other countries) in 1828 and 1832.

What did the South think about these tariffs?

They felt it benefitted the Northern Industry at the expense of the South

What was South Carolina’s Ordinance of Nullification?

John Calhoun urged SC legislature to nullify (reject) the tariffs of abominations.

What is the NULLIFICATION CRISIS?

SC tax collectors stopped collecting the tariffs. SC was defying federal law.

What was the FORCE BILL 1833?

Jackson proposed the “FORCE ACT” authorizing him to use the military to ensure federal laws were followed with collecting the tariffs. Jackson promised to hang Calhoun from the nearest tree.

What was the COMPROMISE TARIFF 1833?

“Henry Clay ‘s compromise”-

1.promise to lower the tariff by 1842

2. SC abandoned nullification of the tariffs of abomination, but still nullified (rejected) the Force Act

3. Calhoun saw it as a victory and Jackson saw it as a victory over Calhoun

Jackson had a war with the Bank of the US (BUS).

T or F

true

What did the Bank of the US (BUS) do?

the BUS issued bank notes (paper currency/money) and was where the federal govt deposited money.

Who was President of the BUS since 1823?

Nicholas Biddle

Why was there opposition to the BANK?

because of THE HARD MONEY FACTION. Those people who wanted all the money backed by specie (gold and silver). Jackson supported this because he was skeptical (unsure) of paper money.

Who did Biddle turn to to preserve the BANK?

Henry Clay

What did Clay want Biddle to do to create a campaign issue?

to renew the BANK’s charter 4 years earlier than its expiration. Congress voted to renew the charter and sent it to Jackson to sign.

Did Jackson sign the bank charter renewal?

No, he VETOED it. on July 4 1832. He thought the bank was a monopoly

What was the HYDRA OF CORRUPTION?

Jackson believed the BUS was a monopoly that helped the wealthy and not the common man and referred to the BUS as corrupted.

Did Clay try to use the info from Jackson as the hydra of corruption against him, so he wouldn’t get re-elected?

Yes, but it didn’t work and Jackson was re-elected to 2nd term.

What were the PET BANKS?

in Jackson’s 2nd term, he tried to destroy the BUS and removed the deposits of money from the BUS and put it into local banks in the states called PET BANKS

What did jackson call Biddle?

CZAR NICHOLAS ( said he was the enemy of the people)

Did the BUS get eliminated?

Yes, by 1836 it was no longer the federal bank of US. BUT, it negatively impacted the US economy for over a century (100 years)

In the election of 1836, how many candidates did the WHIGS have running for President?

3 candidates (Clay, Webster, Calhoun)

Who won the Election of 1836?

Martin Van Buren who was a democrat and was widely supported by Jackson.

What was the depression of 1837-1841?

Because Jackson eliminated the BUS, state banks began engaging in risky loans and it led to inflation.

What is SPECIE CIRCULAR?

Jackson’s last attempt to limit the use of bank notes (paper money). He wanted to use gold and silver. Because of this, bank notes lost their value and land sales plummeted. Jackson’s actions contributed to the depression.

Panic of 1837 and 1839

a depression that lasted 5 years. banks and businesses failed and unemployment was very high. People lost jobs and couldn’t find work.

Who was only president for one month?

William Henry Harrison because he gave a long inaugural speech ( 2 hours long) in freezing weather with no coat on. He got pneumonia and died.

Who was Harrison’s VP that took over when he died?

President John Tyler. he was called the MAN WITHOUT A PARTY because he was a former democrat (stopped being a democrat) but didn’t support the WHIGS either.