exam 3

These flashcards cover key concepts and terminology from wildlife recovery and management, predator control, endangered species programs, and recreational fishing.

Historical Context of Wildlife Recovery

Post-WWII era marked significant recovery efforts for wildlife.

US Fish and Wildlife Service

Key agency established in 1940 to support wildlife conservation efforts.

Pittman-Robertson Act

Legislation that facilitated financial resources for wildlife conservation via excise tax on hunting equipment.

Wildlife Refuges

Areas acquired by states for the protection of wildlife, approximately 900,000 acres between 1938 and 1948.

Extirpation

The local extinction of a species from a specific habitat, requiring reintroduction efforts.

Charismatic Species

Species that garner public support for conservation efforts, such as deer and wild turkeys.

Deer Reintroduction in Indiana

Reintroduction began in the 1930s, leading to a population of 50,000 by 1970.

Virginia Deer Population Growth

1,300 deer released in the 1940s resulted in 200,000 deer within 20 years.

Success of Beaver Reintroduction

8,500 beavers were reintroduced across 27 states, restoring their role as ecosystem engineers.

Wilderness Act of 1964

Provided a framework for preserving wilderness areas and protecting wildlife habitats.

Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968

Established to protect free-flowing rivers, designating 65 rivers across 38 states.

Predators' Cultural Perception

Negatively viewed historically by farmers and ranchers, focusing on the threat to livestock.

Predator-Prey Dynamics

Ecological relationship emphasizing that prey species typically outnumber predators.

Fitness and Survival in Prey

Behavioral responses of prey affect their likelihood of survival during predator encounters.

Bounty Systems

Incentives in the 1800s that led to significant declines in predator populations.

The Leopold Report (1964)

Shifted predator management from indiscriminate killing to ecological balance.

Candidate Species

Proposed species for protection that often lack sufficient data for official listing.

Endangered Species Preservation Act (1966)

Acknowledged the obligation to protect endangered native wildlife and required habitat assessment.

Endangered Species Act (1973)

Comprehensive act granting protections for plants and animals, allowing listing of subspecies.

Economic Justification Amendment (1981)

Amendment requiring economic justification for listing species under the ESA.

Kirtland's Warbler Recovery

Efforts focused on habitat management and cowbird removal to aid nesting success.

Climate Change Threats

Alters habitats and species distributions, posing significant risks to wildlife.

Public Trust Doctrine

Wildlife resources considered public trust, managed for the good of society.

Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation Act

Legislation aimed at managing U.S. fisheries and rebuilding fish stocks.

Saltwater Fishing Economic Impact

8.3 million anglers contributing approximately $36.08 billion to the economy.

Individual Fishing Quotas (IFQs)

Management tool introduced to control overfishing of stocks like the red snapper.

Coastal Conservation Association (CCA)

Advocacy organization focused on conserving coastal and marine resources.

Gulf of Mexico Red Snapper Management

Management efforts faced conflict between commercial and recreational fishing interests.

Decentralized Management in Fishing

Management transferred from federal to state control for localized governance.

Wildlife Recovery Tools

Reintroduction, habitat restoration, and protection of wilderness areas are critical for conservation.

Challenges in Endangered Species Act

Limited recovery success and some species went extinct despite listing.

Restoration of Bighorn Sheep

Reintroduced in Colorado and Arizona, contributing to population rebounds.

Pronghorn Population Increase

Increased from 26,000 in 1922 to 234,000 by 1946 through conservation efforts.

Wilderness Protection Purpose

To limit human activity and protect ecosystems and wildlife.

Using Net Cannons for Turkeys

Innovative capture method contributing to successful wild turkey relocations.

Success Rates in Capture Techniques

Improved techniques using anesthesia for stress management during relocation.

Wildlife Conservation Definition

A field dedicated to protecting and restoring animal and plant species and their habitats.

Habitat Restoration Importance

Crucial factor in successful species reintroductions and conservation efforts.

Recreational Fishing Definition

Outdoor activity for pleasure or competition involving the capture of fish.

Economic Contribution of Fishing

Highlighting the economic significance of recreational fishing in the U.S.