WHAP Period 4

Russian Revolution

Spurred by social unrest, World War I, and the desire for political reform, and Russias slow speed to industrialize Tsar Nicholas at the time did not cede to the requests of the working class, and failed to give them rights in the gov or recognize their civil liberties.

Also lost the Crimean war and Russo-Japanese war.

Led to Bloody Sunday, in which workers peacefully marching for better working conditions, and the Revolution of 1905.

Later, Bolsheviks took power in 1917 under Lenin.

Sun Yat-sen

Chinese revolutionary leader who played a crucial role in ending imperial rule. He founded the Republic of China and served as its first provisional president.

Young Turks

Group of reformers in the Ottoman empire advocating for a European-style constitution and Turkification. This led to conflicts with minority groups, especially the Armenians, whom they scapegoated for many of the empire’s problems.

Mexican Revolution

Dictator Porfirio Diaz jailed Madero, and this ignited a revolution against his oppressive regime, leading to a decade-long struggle for land reform, social change, and political rights.

From it, came the institution of a constitution, expanded education and suffrage, and land reforms.

New technologies in WWI

included tanks, airplanes, and chemical weapons, trench warfare, submarines, machine guns.

Paris Peace Conference

Big Four leaders met post-WWI to negotiate treaties and reshape Europe. Woodrow Wilson advocated for his fourteen points, which included the creation of the LoN and self-determination for former colonies.

Keynesian Economics

John Maynard Keynes rejected laisez-faire ideals and concluded that government action could actually improve the economy, especially in a depression, where governments should employ deficit spending (spending more than the gov takes in)

New Deal

FDR implemented the New Deal in order to get the U.S out of the Great Depression. In the New Deal, he introduced programs for economic recovery, job creation, and social welfare.

Mandate System

A system established after WWI where former colonies and territories were administered by European powers under the League of Nations' supervision, with the aim of preparing them for self-governance.

Amritsar Massacre

A tragic event in 1919 when British troops opened fire on a peaceful gathering in Amritsar, India, resulting in hundreds of deaths and inflaming anti-British sentiments.

March First Movement

A 1919 resistance movement in Korea against Japanese colonial rule, marked by nationwide demonstrations advocating for Korean independence and nationalism.

Long March

A pivotal retreat undertaken by the Chinese Communist Party from 1934 to 1935, where thousands of troops traveled over 6,000 miles to evade the Nationalist forces. It solidified Mao Zedong's leadership and became a symbol of resilience.

Nuremberg Laws

A set of discriminatory laws enacted in Nazi Germany in 1935 that stripped Jews of their citizenship and prohibited marriage between Jews and non-Jewish Germans.

Armenian Genocide

The systematic extermination of 1.5 million Armenians by the Ottoman Empire during World War I, characterized by mass killings and deportations.

Bosnian Genocide

The mass killing of Bosniak Muslims and other non-Serb populations by Bosnian Serb forces during the Bosnian War from 1992 to 1995, marked by ethnic cleansing and atrocities.

Rwandan Genocide

The mass slaughter of an estimated 800,000 Tutsi and moderate Hutu by Hutu extremists in Rwanda in 1994, characterized by brutal killings and widespread violence. Hutus resented the powers the Tutsi’s had under colonial rule.

military-industrial complex

Informal alliance between the government and the large defense contractors. Eisenhower was afraid they would gain too much power over the country and it’s people.

As the amount of people who worked in the industry increased, it became difficult to cut back on spending.

In this way, violence became profitable for countries like the U.S who had great industry for weaponry.

Yalta Conference

FDR wanted democratic elections in Europe following WWII, but Stalin sought influence over Eastern Europe.

Potsdam Conference

Truman represented the U.S and continued to push for free elections in E. Europe. Stalin refused, and by then, communists had gained control of E. Europe.

These conferences led to increased tensions and unresolved issues, which set the stage for the cold war.

Failures of the LoN

Lacked support of world powers, especially the U.S

Lacked mechanisms to act quickly and stop small conflicts from escalating

Led to the creation of the United Nations in 1945

satellite countries

Eastern European nations under Soviet influence or control following WWII. They were dependent on the USSR.

They were influenced by 5-year plans which industrialized and collectivized them, and were only allowed to import Soviet goods and export to the Soviets.

Truman Doctrine

A U.S. foreign policy established in 1947 to counter Soviet expansion during the Cold War, emphasizing support for countries resisting communism.

Vietnam War & Domino Theory

A conflict in Vietnam from 1955 to 1975 involving North Vietnam and its allies against South Vietnam and the United States. Kennedy increased involvement in the war, and supported a undemocratic leader in the South Vietnam—but at least he wasn’t communist! They later overthrew Diem, though.

LBJ promoted the domino theory— the idea that if one country in a region fell to communism, others would soon follow.

Nasser

An Egyptian leader who nationalized the Suez Canal and played a key role in promoting pan-Arabism during the mid-20th century, strengthening ties with the USSR.

Contra War

A conflict in Nicaragua during the 1980s between the Sandinista government and the Contras, who were funded by the U.S. to oppose communism.

Fidel Castro

Overthrew the Cuban dictatorship, and set up a dictatorship of his own and a communist Cuba.

Bay of Pigs

A failed invasion of Cuba in 1961 by U.S.-backed Cuban exiles aiming to overthrow Fidel Castro.

Cuban Missile Crisis

A 1962 confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over Soviet ballistic missiles deployed in Cuba, which brought the two superpowers close to nuclear war.

Non-Proliferation Treaty

An agreement to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and promote peaceful uses of nuclear energy, signed in 1968.

Great Leap Forward

Creation of communes—government owned agricultural communities, and they also built small scale steel furnaces, which produced poor quality steel.

Horribly failing harvests, but Mao kept convincing the world of the success, and 20 million died from starvation.

Cultural Revolution

A movement led by Mao to silence critics and solidify Mao’s hold on China.

Red Guards, usually made up of school and university students, seized government officials, teachers, and other “reactionaries” and sent them to reeducation camps.

It aimed to reinforce communist ideology by purging capitalist influences and promoting Maoist thought throughout Chinese society.

Kwame Nkrumah

Ghana's first president and a prominent advocate for African independence, known for his leadership in the Pan-African movement.

Took education from nationalist traditions he learned in Europe, and instituted a national narrative rich in glory, founding fathers, and anthems and museums.

Decently peaceful

Pan-Africanism

A political and social movement advocating for the solidarity and unity of African nations and peoples, aiming to promote shared cultural identity and support independence from colonial rule.

Algerian War for Independence

A conflict from 1954 to 1962 between France and Algerian independence fighters that led to Algeria gaining independence from French colonial rule.

Led by the National Liberation Front and sought self-determination using guerilla techniques.

Caused divides in France, with communist parties supporting Algeria’s freedom.

Migration to and from Algeria in the wake of its independence caused even greater violence due to idealogical conflicts.

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT)

Aspect of the end of the Cold War/

Freezed the amount of intercontinental ballistic missiles that each power could have.

détente

A period following the Cuban Missile Crisis in which the USSR was barely growing, eastern bloc were bucking for reform, and Russia faced conflicts with China.

Nixon was also struggling in the Vietnam war, and began to sell grain to the USSR to benefit American farmers and help the struggling soviet union—Carter halted this when he came into presidency.

Gorbachev and His Policies

Perestroika—allowed elements of free enterprise, and implemented aspects of market capitalism!!

Glasnost—the policy of opening up Soviet society and the political process by granting greater freedom of speech and transparent government.

Suez Crisis

The Suez Canal—built by tens of thousands of Egyptian workers—was nationalized under Nasser in 1956, leading to a conflict involving Egypt, Israel, Britain, and France. Israel invaded under Britain, and the UN deployed peacekeepers and led to a ceasefire and peaceful compromise.

Quiet Revolution

A period of intense social and political change in Quebec during the 1960s, characterized by the rise of nationalism. Some groups adopted extreme tactics, including terrorist bombings.

Khmer Rogue

A radical communist regime in Cambodia from 1975 to 1979, led by Pol Pot, responsible for the Cambodian genocide that resulted in the deaths of nearly two million people.

Took inspiration from the Chinese Cultural Revolution for his reforms, targeting intellectuals and dissenters.

Vietnam eventually took control of Cambodia and helped establish stability.

Kashmir Conflict

Territorial dispute between India and Pakistan at the time of the Schism, and continuing into today.

Most people were Muslims, however the ruler was Hindu, therefore both sides claimed Kashmir.

metropole

Ex. London

A large city of a former colonial power in which migrants moved to.

Prague Spring

A period of political liberalization and mass protest in Czechoslovakia during 1968 for greater freedom of speech and press, along with greater democracy, led by Alexander Dubček.

It was ultimately crushed by four Warsaw Pact nations.

Kent State University

A site of a 1970 protest against the Vietnam War where National Guardsmen shot and killed four students, provoking nationwide outrage.

Worldwide trend of students at higher education facilities protesting for women, minority, and workers’ rights.

Conflict in Northern Ireland

A prolonged violent struggle between nationalist Catholics and unionist Protestants.

Irish Republican Army made up of Catholics, who even committed some acts of terrorism.

Basque Homeland and Freedom

A separatist group in Spain advocating for the independence of the Basque Country through both political and violent means.

Shining Path

A Maoist guerrilla group in Peru that emerged in the 1980s, known for its violent tactics and aim to overthrow the government.

Paris Agreement

An international treaty aimed at combating climate change, joined by 195 countries.

Reagan and Thatcher

advocated for economic liberalization and free markets.

cut taxes, regulations, and government assistance to the poor to promote economic growth.

Augusto Pinochet

Ruled in Chila after a U.S-backed coup against a democratically elected socialist leader.

Turned to a free market approach, privatizing state-run businesses and taming inflation.

However, he failed to address poverty and other social concerns.

Deng Xiaoping

Chinese leader who implemented market reforms, shifting China towards a socialist market economy, opening the country to foreign investment and boosting economic growth.

Allowed consumer products to be created, and facilitated the production of surplus product on peasant farms.

Created SEZ where foreigners could take advantage of low wages and lax environmental laws.

Tianamen Square

A site of pro-democracy protests in Beijing in 1989, which were met with a violent government crackdown leading to significant loss of life and repression of political dissent.

Asian Tigers

Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan

Grew because of government-business partnerships, high exports, intense education, and low-wage workforce

NAFTA

Trade agreement between U.S.A, Canada, and MExico that eliminated trade barriers and tariffs to promote free trade among the three countries.

Encouraged the construction of maquiladoras which used low wage labor and were free of tariffs.

GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)

An international treaty aimed at promoting international trade by reducing or eliminating trade barriers such as tariffs and quotas.

Protective tariffs lowered greatly and promoted international trade.

WTO

World Trade Organization took over GATT, and made (controversial) rules that governed trade.

Favored the wellbeing of corporations over issues of moral concern.

caste reservation system

A policy implemented in India to improve the social and economic status of historically disadvantaged groups, by reserving a certain percentage of government jobs and educational opportunities for them.

why did people resist globalization?

child labor

working conditions, such as amazons intense pressure on workers

consumerism

environmental damage

threats to national sovereignty, such as how Britain left the EU in Brexit b/c they believed the EU interfered with Britain’s right to govern itself.

economic reasons for anti-globalization

destruction of small local businesses

distrusted IMF and World Bank b/c they favored rich nations over poor ones