History Test 1/25/23

Amendment Sixteen

1913 – Congress can establish income tax

Amendment Seventeen

1913 – Direct election of Senators by constituents not state legislators

Amendment Eighteen

1919 – Prohibition of alcohol

Amendment Nineteen

1920 – Women receive the right to vote

American Federation of Labor

Labor union made up of skilled laborers. Also used strikes, boycotts, etc. to gain improvements in factories such as the 8-hour work day.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

owner of steamship and railroad lines. Controlled a huge
majority in them to become one of the first “captains of industry.”

Andrew Carnegie

owner of a big portion of the steel industry. Used the method of vertical integration to gain control of the industry. Also was known for encouraging philanthropy

John D. Rockerfeller

owner of the oil refining industry. Held a monopoly/trust by using horizontal integration

John Pierpont Morgan

major investment banker. Sought to eliminate competition in various industries by using mergers, becomes wealthy through merging companies together (monopolies)

Alexander Graham Bell

inventor. Best known for invention of telephone that allowed communication over long distances

Thomas Alva Edison

inventor. Created thousands of inventions that transformed American life and culture. Best known for lightbulb, phonograph and moving picture

Civil Service Commission

independent government group that was created to eliminate the spoils system. Kind of worked.

Federal Reserve Act

1913- Established the Federal Reserve Banks, oversee currency, etc. to create a more stable financial system

Homestead Act

1862- government act that gives settlers 160 acres of free land in the western territories if they live there and improve the land within 5 years. Brought many people to settle the west/frontier

Homestead Strike

Strike against Carnegie’s steel industry because of wage cuts. Became violent but was eventually ended wit little improvement to the factory

Imperialism

the idea that a country will gain colonies and therefore gain world power. Practice of this was adopted by many European nations, and the US

Interstate Commerce Act

legislative act designed to regulate the railroad industry and their rates

Knights of Labor

first labor union made up on (eventually) unskilled laborers. Used strikes, boycotts, etc. to gain better wages and safety measures. Discredited by anarchists

Muckrakers

reform journalists who brought issues within society to light that needed altering or improving, motivated by what they see is wrong and presenting it to people through photography, political cartoons, etc.

Open Door Policy

american foreign economic policy in China. The US would trade with all spheres of influence and would not have a sphere themselves. Allowed for missionaries to come to China, even though it failed economically

*Plessy vs Ferguson*

1896- Supreme Court decided seperate but equal was fine, allowing for the maintenance of Jim Crow laws in the South

Populist Party

political party centered on the desires/needs of the American farmer. Wanted the use of silver to back currency. Did not last long as a viable party

Pullman Strike

strike against Pullman’s Palace Car Company. Was able to shut down the railroads for a time, but was eventually suppressed by national troops

Roosevelt Corollary

1904- an addendum to the Monroe Doctrine that stated the US has the right to police issues in Latin America. Led to the increased use of American military force in those nations. Referred to as the “Big Stick” policy

Sherman Antitrust Act

legislative act that sought to lessen the power of trusts/monopolies. Made monopolies illegal

Socialism

political ideology that advocates collective or government control of the means of production. Became popular around the globe at the turn of the century

Spanish American War

1898- short war for Cuba’s freedom from Spanish rule. America gains Guam, Puerto Rico and the Philippines through the Treaty of Paris

Treaty of Kanagawa

trading treaty between Japan and US. Is the formal declaration of the opening of Japan.

Transcontinental railroad

1869- the railroad system that stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans. Created a fast means of travel between the east and west- good for shipping resources and people

Wounded Knee Massacre

last main event of the Indian Wars- 1890- Sioux are slaughtered after surrendering

yellow journalism

the exaggeration of news in order to sell papers. Was used by the NY Journal and NY World and led to the Spanish American War, motivated by paper sales

Pure Food and Drug Act

Under Teddy Roosevelt- prevented interstate transport of illegal food and drugs and must meet safety requirements

National Park Service

under Teddy Roosevelt- sought to conserve parks and nature

the Panama Canal signifies…

Cuba’s independence

Great White Fleet

large ship that sailed around the world to display naval power

William Taft

bust the most monopolies, introduced Dollar Dipolmacy, replaced TR for while he was in war and angered him

Dollar diplomacy

use money to impact/protect foreign affairs that US agrees with

Underwood Tariff

under Woodrow Wilson, cuts the existing rate of tariffs to increase trade)

Federal Reserve Act

under WW, established the central bank of US

Clayton Antitrust Act

addressed monopolies and protected labor unions, under Wilson

Direct primaries

elections to narrow the candidate pool

initiative

petitions from the public to bring legislation up for consideration

referendum

direct election of a piece of legislation

recall

can vote people out of office

Keating-Owen Child Labor Act

under Wilson, banned the sale of any product from any company that employed children under 14 or under 16 in mines. Also shortened the working hours to 8 hours

Moral Diplomacy

under Wilson, lent support to democratic countries with intention of rewarding countries while inhibiting others

National Quota Law

set a number limit of immmigrants from specific places based on the 1910 census numbers

Secret Service

first began to avoid and catch counterfeiting, however, their primary job switched to protecting the president after McKinley’s assassination

Square Deal

under Roosevelt, right and fair treatment for all

Causes for industrial growth

* access to raw materials and energy (west-mining),
* availability of workforce (immigrants seeking work, demand went up)
* inventions
* financial resources (inventions ultimately create more money made, which makes more money)

Vertical integration

the idea within a company that there are different parts of the process and every level of production is controlled by Carnegie

horizontal integration

you own all of one level of production (Rockefeller owned refineries)

Chinese Exclusion Act

chinese couldn’t immigrate to US

Growth of cities leads to..

location specific industries, overcrowding tenements, Brooklyn Bridge

triangle shirtwaist factory fire

led to innovations in fire safety such as fire drills, mandatory sprinkler systems, building code reforms and more power to the commissionary

For middle class, they had more or less leisure time..

more

countries purchased by US

Alaska, Phillippines

countries won in spanish american war

guam, phillippines, Peurto rico

countries US annexed

Wake Island, midway island, hawaii, American Somoa

Dawes Act of 1887

“civilized” Indians, transform Native Americans into farmers, used assimilation like taking children to boarding schools and giving them American names

Comstock Lode

silver vein in mountin in Nevada which was later used for wealth or industrialization

Mining in the west included…

* destruction of environment (led to National Parks)
* vigilante justices
* boom towns (ghost towns turned busy at a strike then a ghost town again after it was over)

the creation of the transcontinental railroad led to what invention?

creation of time zones instead of sun time

Cattle drive was destroyed by what?

barbed wire

sodbusting

breaking sod to get to fertile ground to create a house

Oklahoma Land Rush in 1889

Government advertised, first come first serve basis with no requirements like Homestead Act- led to the destruction of land and the Dust Bowl

economic problems farmers faced were…

railroad crisis and inflation

USS Maine

sinks, initially blames Spain for blowing it up, but later they were found innocent, no one knows quite what happened

which military team did Roosevelt join?

Rough Righters

how did roads change in cities as new cities were built to the west of NY

they grew wider

Give 2 geographic areas where immigrants came from to the US in the last had of the 1800s

Scandinavian and Russian territories

Which reconstruction plan for readmission to the US was the most lenient to the Confederates

Lincoln’s 10%

Which states create the most trouble in the election of 1876

FL, SC, LA

Which reconstruction amendment defined the pathways to citizenship

14

What was the name given to Northerners who came down to the South to make money

carpet baggers