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Circuit
Controls the flow of electrons in x-ray systems.
Primary Circuit
Includes main power switch and step-up transformer.
Autotransformer
Converts 220 volts to selected kVp for x-ray.
Secondary Circuit
Contains x-ray tube and rectifier bank components.
Filament Circuit
Supplies voltage to generate projectile electrons.
Line Compensator
Adjusts voltage to maintain 220 volts precisely.
Circuit Breakers
Protect against short circuits and electric shock.
Step-Up Transformer
Increases voltage for x-ray production from autotransformer.
Timer Circuit
Controls the timing of voltage across x-ray tube.
Exposure Timers
Regulate x-ray emission duration based on settings.
Mechanical Timers
Inexpensive timers for exposures over 250 ms.
Synchronous Timers
Minimum exposure time of 1/60 second.
Electronic Timers
Most accurate timers for rapid serial exposures.
mAs Timers
Controls tube current and terminates exposure at mAs.
Automatic Exposure Control
Terminates exposure when sufficient radiation is detected.
Spinning Top Test
Checks accuracy of exposure timer functionality.
mA Meter
Monitors x-ray tube current in the secondary circuit.
Rectifiers
Convert AC to DC using silicon components.
Solid-state Rectifier
Commonly used rectifier in x-ray circuits.
High-Voltage Generator
Converts low voltage to kilovoltage for x-ray.
Rheostat
Adjusts resistance in the filament circuit.
Step-Down Transformer
Decreases voltage for the filament circuit.
Filaments
Where projectile electrons are generated for x-ray.
Solid-state Rectifier
Converts low voltage to kilovoltage waveform.
High-Voltage Transformer
Step-up transformer increasing voltage from primary to secondary.
Turns Ratio
Ratio of secondary to primary windings in transformers.
Rectification
Converts alternating voltage to direct voltage.
Valve Tubes
Act as rectifiers in electrical circuits.
Self-rectification
X-ray tube property allowing current in one direction.
Half-wave Rectification
Allows voltage swing only in positive cycle.
Full-wave Rectification
Reverses negative cycle for continuous positive voltage.
Single-phase Power
Produces pulsating x-ray beam with low energy.
Three-phase Power
Generates three voltage waveforms for constant exposure.
High-Frequency Generator
Provides nearly constant potential, improving image quality.
Inverter Circuits
Convert DC into square pulses for generators.
Capacitor Discharge Generator
Uses NiCd battery to store and discharge electricity.
Falling-load Generator Control Circuit
Delivers maximum mA for selected kVp efficiently.
Capacitor Discharge on Mobile Units
Charges capacitor before exposure for x-ray tube discharge.
Voltage Ripple
Variation in peak voltage waveform during operation.
Single-Phase Generator
100% voltage ripple, varies from zero to maximum.
Three-Phase Generator
13% ripple for 6-pulse, 4% for 12-pulse.
High-Frequency Generator
Less than 3% voltage ripple for stable output.
Maximum Available Power
Standard for specifying high-voltage generators.
Rheostat
Variable resistor controlling mA on operating console.
Filament Circuit
Produces thermionic emission by boiling electrons.
Filament Heating Purpose
Controls electron emission for tube current.
Step-Down Transformer
Reduces voltage to increase filament current.
Large Focal Spot
Used for imaging large anatomical structures.
Small Focal Spot
Used for imaging small anatomical structures.
kVp
Determines voltage through autotransformer adjustments.
Step-Up Transformer
Increases voltage via mutual induction.
Rectification
Converts AC to DC for x-ray tube.
Rheostat
Sets resistance in filament circuit.
X-ray Quantity
Number of x-rays, measured in mR.
X-ray Quality
Penetrating power, expressed in kVp or HVL.
Extending Tube Life
Use minimum mA, kVp, and exposure time.
Warm-Up Procedures
Prepares tube for high heat load.
Initial Warm-Up Exposure
50 kVp, 100 mA for 1/30 second.
Filament Tungsten Deposition
Causes electron strikes on glass envelope.
Gassy Tube
Gas formation from electron strikes, causing failure.
Punctured Tube Diagnosis
Oil enters tube, audible during rotation.
Carelessness Effects
Handling issues may break glass envelope.
Anode Damage
Surface crazing reduces radiation output.
Rotor Bearing Damage
Slows rotation, may release gas.
Filament Aging
Thinning reduces mA due to vaporization.
Tube Housing Damage
Oil escape reduces insulation, harmful operation.
Stator Damage
Broken windings cause rotation issues.
