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synapomorphy
shared derived trait
homologous
same origin
analogous
same function/different origin
convergent evolution
independent evolution, similar traits
segmentation
fairly common evolutionary innovation in animals
its not very clear in humans anymore, but in early embryo its a bit more obvious as somites which develop into parts of the organism
segment identity
hox genes arranged on the chromosome from anterior to posterior of organism
identify segment fate early in development
hox genes are transcription factors, what does this mean
they lead to rna polymerase copying dna —> mrna