Unit 7_ Cellular Energy

ATP

Adenosine TriPhosphate

ADP

Adenosine DiPhosphate, formed when ATP loses a phosphate group.

ATP Synthase

An enzyme that converts ADP and inorganic phosphate (P) back into ATP.

Chemiosmosis

The process by which hydrogen ions flow across a membrane to generate ATP.

Catabolic reaction

A reaction that breaks down molecules, producing energy.

Anabolic reaction

A reaction that builds up molecules, consuming energy.

Chemical Work

Energy used for building molecules such as proteins.

Mechanical Work

Energy used for the contraction of muscles.

Transport Work

Energy used to transport substances across membranes, e.g. Sodium Potassium Pump.

Photosynthesis

The process that converts solar energy into chemical energy.

Chloroplast

The organelle where photosynthesis takes place in plant cells.

Thylakoids

Disk-shaped sacs inside chloroplasts where light-dependent reactions occur.

Calvin Cycle

The part of photosynthesis that does not require light and produces glucose.

Stomata

Pores on leaves that allow gas exchange; carbon dioxide enters and oxygen exits.

Xylem

Vascular tissue that transports water and dissolved minerals from roots to shoots.

Phloem

Vascular tissue that transports food from leaves to roots and developing structures.

Chlorophyll

A pigment found in thylakoids that captures light energy for photosynthesis.

Aerobic Respiration

Cellular respiration that requires oxygen.

Glycolysis

The first step of aerobic respiration that breaks down glucose into pyruvic acids. Produces 2 ATP

Krebs Cycle

A step in aerobic respiration that processes pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide. Produces 2 ATP

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

The final step in aerobic respiration that produces the majority of ATP. Produces 32-34 ATP

Anaerobic Respiration

Cellular respiration that occurs without oxygen.

Fermentation

An anaerobic process that generates ATP from glucose without oxygen.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A type of fermentation occurring in muscles that produces lactic acid and ATP.

Alcoholic Fermentation

A type of fermentation occurring in yeast that produces ethanol and ATP.

6O₂ + 6H₂O + Light → C₆H₁₂O₆

The chemical formula for photosynthesis

Cuticle

A waxy layer on leaves that helps prevent water loss.

Mesophyll

The interior tissue of a leaf, where chloroplasts are located.

Guard Cells

Cells that open and close stomata to regulate gas exchange.

Stroma

The thick fluid within the inner membrane of chloroplasts.

Grana

Stacks of thylakoids within chloroplasts.

Chemosynthesis

The process by which certain organisms convert inorganic molecules into glucose.

Chemoautotrophs

Organisms that undergo chemosynthesis.

6H₂S + 6CO₂ 🡪 C₆H₁₂O₆  + 6H₂O + 12S

Chemosynthesis equation

NADH

A carrier molecule that stores energy for cellular processes.

FADH₂

Another energy carrier similar to NADH, produced in the Krebs cycle.

Total ATPs produced during aerobic respiration

36-38 ATP

Energy transfer efficiency

Only ~10% of energy is transferred to the next level; ~90% is lost as heat.

Parts of a Leaf

Includes cuticle, upper epidermis, mesophyll, lower epidermis, vein.

Light Dependent Reactions

Reactions that convert sun energy into chemical energy in the thylakoid.

Light Independent Reactions

Reactions that do not require light, occurring in the stroma, producing glucose.

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6H₂O + 6CO₂ + ATP

Cellular respiration formula

Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, ETC

Steps of Aerobic Respiration

Places where cellular respiration occurs:

Mitochondria, cytoplasm