Giddes APUSH Unit 3

Huguenots

Fre Protestants dissenters who were given limited toleration under the Edict of Nantes; fled elsewhere once King Louis XIV outlawed Protestantism

St. Bartholomeus’ Day

1572; over 10,000 Huguenots were killed in cold blood

Edict of Nantes

1598 ⇾ issued by the crown; granted limited toleration to Huguenots

King Louis XIV

1643-1715; king of Fra since 5 + reigned for 72 years; surrounded by court + scheming ministers + mistresses; deeply interested in overseas colonies

Quebec

1608; first permanent Fre settlement in NA; founded by Samuel Champlain

St. Lawrence River

controlled by Fre settlement in NA (Quebec)

Samuel de Champlain

"father of New France"; founded Quebec; soldier + explorer

Huron Native Americans

friendly relations w/Fre; became allies w/Fre to defeat the Iroquois when Champliain joined battle; ended w/defeat of Iroquois (3 dead + 1 wounded)

Iroquois Native Americans

tribe of upper NY area; defeated by Fre; ravaged Fre settlement and frequently served as allies of the British in prolonged struggle for supremacy on the continent

Ohio River Valley

claimed by Fre; had Native tribes already there; cause of tension w/Iroquois (ravaged Fre settlement + frequently served as allies of British in struggle for superiority

New France

direct control of King; completely autocratic; no elected representative assemblies, no right to trial by jury; population grew at slow pace; little economic motive; Huguenots denied refuge in colonies; favored caribbean islands

Coureurs de bois

runner of the woods; Fre fur traders + runner of risk

Voyageurs

canoeing fur traders + travelers; established trading posts throughout NA; fur trade wreaked havoc on the health + folkways of their native American trading partners; killing beavers violated the Natives' religious beliefs + showed the effects that Euro contact w/Natives

Antoine Cadillac

1701; founded detroit "city of straits" to strop Eng settlers pushing into Ohio valley

Robert de la Salle

Fre; followed the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico; claimed the region for Fra and named it Louisiana in honor of Louis XIV; dreamed of empire + returned to the gulf 3 years later, but failed to find Mississippi delta; (1687) died by his men

Illinois country

became the garden of Fra NA empire; where Fre established forts + trading posts at Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes; large amounts of grain ran down the MI for transport to WI + Euro

King William's War

1689-1697; war fought between Fre trappers, British settlers, + their Native allies; colonial theater of War of the League of Augsburg in Euro

Queen Anne's War

1702-1713; second in a series of conflicts between the Euro powers for control of NA; Eng vs Fre in the North + the Eng vs Spa in FL; resorted to kind of primitive guerrilla warfare; British failed to rush out Quebec and Montreal, but managed to temporarily seize Port Royal in Acadia

Treaty of Utrecht

British given limited trading rights in Spa America, but later involved much friction over smuggling

Port Royal

in Acadia; British managed to seize this for a little bit

Acadia

claimed by the British in the treaty of Utrecht + was renamed Nova Scotia

Peace of Utrecht

signed in 1713; revealed how badly Fra + Spa ally had been beaten; British given Fre Acadia (later aka Nova Scotia (New Scotland)) + Newfoundland and Hudson Bay

"Salutary neglect"

a generation of peace; Brit provided to its American colonies

Robert Jenkins

British captain who encountered Spa revenue officials; had one ear sliced off by a sword; went to Parliament and showed his ear as an example of Spa cruelty to British merchants in WI; aroused furious resentment when went to Britain

War of Jenkin's Ear

broke out in 1739; between British and Spa; confined to Caribbean Sea and GA; later merged w/large-scale War of Austrian Succession (aka King George's War in America) in Eur

King George's War/War of Austrian Succession

when small-scale War of Jenkin's Ear emerged w/War of Austrian Succession; NEers invaded NF; w/help from British fleet, raw and drunken recruits captured Fre fortress of Louisbourg (on Cape Breton Island + commanded the approaches to St. Lawrence River)

Louisbourg

captured by NWers w/help of British; 1748; handed back by peace treaty of KGW (made NEers mad)

Fort Duquesne

one of chain Fre forts at the Ohio River; considered formidable + was pivotal point where the Monongahela + Allegheny Rivers joined to form the Ohio (later site for Pittsburgh); it was made for the Fre to secure their claims of land; British had land speculation cuz they already started selling land to wealthy landowners

Fort Necessity

a hastily built British fort where Washington attempted to defeat the Fre after he attacked Fre troops near Fort Duquesne; but Fre took the fort + forced Washington to surrender

Acadians

Fre residents of Nova Scotia; many were moved by the British in 1755 + scattered as far south as Louisiana, where their descendants became known as "Cajuns"

"Cajuns"

descendants of the Fre-speaking Acadians who were scattered as far south as Louisiana; nearly a million

French and Indian War

began in America; touched off by Washington in wilds of the Ohio Valley in 1754; rocked along undeclared reasoning for 2 years; 9 years war between Fre and British in NA, which resulted in expulsion of Fre from NA

Seven Years' War

officially declared globally; larger scaled version of the fre + Indian War; global conflict fought in Eur, the Americas, Africa, India, + the Philippines; 7 seas war; Britain + Germany vs France, Spain, Austria, + Russia.

Frederick the Great

earned the title of "great" by repelling fre, Austrian, + Russian armies altho his forces were outnumbered 3:1; cuz of London govt's inability to send in effective troops, gave him gold instead; successful cuz the Fre exhausted their strength in the Euro bloodbath that could not throw in forces to the NW

William Pitt

1757; became foremost leader in London govt + was popularly aka "Great Commoner"; later earned the title "Organizer of Victory"; wisely attacked the vital areas of Canada (Quebec-Montreal area) + launched a soft assault on the Fre WI

Benjamin Franklin

leading spirit of the Albany Congress + made outstanding contributions; published in his Penn gazette cartoon showing separated colonies as a disjointed snake which said the slogan "Join or die"; one of the leaders of the revolutionary; master among diplomats; calculated that during prolong time in battle of Bunker Hill, ~60,000 babies would be born; supported Patriot side but his son (William Franklin - last royal governor of NJ) was a loyalist

Albany Congress

led by Ben Franklin (made great contributions that were early but well devised; delegates adopted plan, but was not accepted by individual colonies + the London regime; helped Franklin prove the point that people believe in union, but when it comes down to details, they get distracted; objective: to try and buy the alliance of the Iroquois confederacy (gifts/guns) + try to achieve a sense of colonial unity among the colonies

Edward Braddock

a British commander during the Fre + Indian War; attempted to capture Fort Duquesne in 1755; defeated by the fre + Natives; this battle mortally wounded.

Regulars

trained pro soldiers as distinct from militia or conscripts; during fre + Indian War, British generals often showed contempt towards ill-trained colonial militiamen; preference for generals

"Buckskins"

ill-disciplined colonial militiamen whose behind-the-tree methods of fighting Natives won

Montreal

vital area in Canada where if this stronghold was destroyed, all the small outposts to the west would have withered away due to a lack of riverbourne supplies; cuz of British success in Quebec, opened path to this location was available + ended with British victory; would led to end of NF

James Wolfe

British general who paid close attention to detail; made their progress in the night + spotted an area that poorly guarded Quebec; in morning, the two armies fought on the plains of Abraham on the outskirts of Quebec; both commanders died in battle including de Montcalm; Fre were defeated + the city was surrendered

Marquis de Montcalm

Fre general who died in the battle of Quebec against British

Battle of Quebec

1759; British victory over Fre forces on the outskirts of Quebec; surrender of Quebec marked the beginning of the end of Fre rule in NA; success in battle won Canada for British; both commanders, Wolfe + de Montcalm died

Treaty of Paris of 1763

1763; agreement between Britain + Fra that ended the Fre + Indian war; Fre power was thrown completely off the continent of NA, leaving behind a Fre population primarily in Canada; Fre left with a few sugar islands + 2 small islands in Gulf of St. Lawrence at agreement that they will never be fortified; Fra gave up all trans-Mississippi Louisiana + outlets of New Orleans to Spa; Spa gave FL to Britain in exchange for Cuba; Britain rewarded w/all areas east of Mississippi River. British becomes dominant power of North America + is already a leading naval power

Pontiac

chief of the Ottawa tribe; 1763; led several tribes, aided by a handful of Fre traders who remained in region to launch violent campaign to drive the British out of Ohio Country; died in 1769 at hands of a rival chieftain

Pontiac's uprising

1763; bloody campaign waged by Ottawa chief Pontiac to drive British out of Ohio Country; laid siege on Detroit in spring 1763 + overran all but 3 British posts west of Appalachians (killed 2,000 ppl); brutally crushed by British troops (distributing blankets infected with smallpox to put down the rebellion)

Proclamation of 1763

wasn't created to oppress colonists, but instead created to work out the Native problem fairly + prevent another bloody eruption like Pontiac's uprising; banned white settlement west of Appalachians to reduce friction between Natives + settlers' stated that Natives owned the land on which they were residing; outraged colonists believed that successful outcome of the Fre + Indian War should have allowed settlement in the Ohio Valley

Republicanism

a just society as one in which all citizens willingly subordinated their private selfish interests to the common good; stability of society + authority of govt depended on virtue of citizenry (capacity of selflessness, self-sufficiency, and courage; opposed to hierarchical and authoritarian institutions (like aristocracy)

"Radical Whigs"

british political commentators that feared threat of liberty posed by power of monarch/ministers; mounted scornful attacks on use of patronage + bribes by ministers (corruption); warned citizen to always look out for violation of their rights

Mercantilism

economic policy that believed wealth was power + country's wealth could be measured by gold/silver; country needed to export more than import; justified Britain's authority over the American colonies

Navigational Laws

series of laws passed to regulate colonial shipping; originally aimed at Dutch shipper trying to come into American trade; said that all commerce going to and from the colonies needed to be transported only in British ships; later required Euro goods destined for the colonies to go through Britain, where middlemen would get some of profit; required colonist merchants to ship certain products exclusively to Britain

"Enumerated Products"

products (like tobacco) that had to be shipped exclusively to Britain even though prices were better elsewhere

John Hancock

one of the first American fortunes that were amassed by whole smuggling (disregarded the Navigation Laws)

George Grenville

prime minister of Britain; told British navy to strictly enforce Navigation Laws; secured from Parliament the Sugar Act; imposed stamp tax; thought all of these was reasonable + right

Sugar Act

1764; duty on imported sugar from the WI; first tax levied on the colonies by crown + was lowered substantially in response to widespread protests

Quartering Act

1765; required colonies to provide food + quarters for British troops; colonists resented this + perceived it as a violation of their rights; NY legislature suspended for failing to comply w/these

Stamp Act

1765; Grenville mandated the use of stamped paper or stamps, certifying payment of tax; meant to raise revenues to support new military; required on bills of sales for ~50 trade items + on certain types of commercial + legal docs (like cards, pamphlets, newspapers, diplomas, marriage licenses, etc)

Admiralty courts

used to try offenders for violating Sugar + Stamp Acts passed by the crown; juries weren't allowed + defendants were assumed to be guilty unless they proved otherwise

"Virtual representation"

Grenville's theory that the Americans were represented in Parliament; all British subjects were represents even if no one was ever voted to be in Parliament; claimed that Parliament was supreme + undivided

Stamp Act Congress

assembly of 27 delegates from 9/13 colonies who met in NYC to draft a petition stating their rights + grievances of the Stamp Act; helped ease sectional suspicions + promote intercolonial unity

Nonimportation agreements

1765 + later; stopped importation of British goods; a LOT more effective than Stamp Act Congress cuz it was more widespread; united the Americans for the 1st time; public defiance led to spreading of angry resistance; reestablished in defiance of Townshend Act, but was less effective (taxes were indirect + smuggled tea was cheaper)

Sons/Daughters of Liberty

patriotic groups that played a central role in protesting; cried "Liberty, Property, and No Stamps"; tarred + feathered nonimportation offenders; ransacked houses of unpopular officials, took their money, + hanged statues of stamp agents on liberty poles

Declaratory Act

1766; passed along w/repeal of the Stamp Act; reaffirmed Parliament's right to bind colonies "in all cases whatsoever"; defined line that they won't give absolute + unqualified power over NA colonies

Charles Townshend

"Champagne Charley"; British prime minister who could deliver brilliant speeches in Parliament even when drunk; promised to pluck feather from colonial goose w/min squawking; convinced Parliament to pass Townshend Acts

Townshend Acts

1767; indirect tax on glass, white lead, paper, paint + tea; used to pay colonial governors who were paid directly by colonial assemblies before; sparked another round of protests in the colonies

Boston Massacre

March 5, 1770; 60+ colonists began taunting + throwing snowballs at squad of 10 soldiers; troops opened fire w/o order but provoked by jeering crowd + killed/wounded 11 people

Paul Revere

created depiction of Boston Massacre of British soldiers shooting at peace colonists; didn't contain Crispus Attucks; wanted people to see the justice of the colonists' cause

Crispus Attucks

one of the first to die; powerfully built runaway 'mulatto'; leader of the mob

John Adams

served as defense attorney for the soldiers; 2 redcoats were found guilty, other were released; one of the 3 American peace negotiators meant to gather in Paris + contributed to treaty of Paris; 1st vice president + 2nd president; sponsor of American revolution in MA, + wrote the MA guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained"

King George III

reasserted dominance of British monarchy; good man in private morals, but bad ruler (stubborn + lustful for power); surrounded himself w/cooperative 'yes men', notably Lord North; rejected Olive Branch Petition + claimed that skirmishes are punishable by death; hires thousands of Hessians to help crush revolting colonists

Lord North

King George III's corpulent prime minister; persuaded Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts

Samuel Adams

cousin of John Adams; master propagandist + engineer of rebellion; lived + breathed only for politics; ultrasensitive to violation of colonists' rights + had deep faith in people'; effectively appeals "trained mob"; founded Committees of Correspondence; one of the leaders of the American Revolution; considered a part of younger generation who make revolutions energetic purposeful, + militant people surged forward; cousin of John Adams

Committees of Correspondence

1772 + after; founded by Samuel Adams; local committees established across MA, + later in each of the 13 colonies, to maintain colonial opposition to British policies through the exchange of letters + pamphlets; unity among colonies; later evolved into 1st American Congresses

British East India Company

facing bankruptcy (overburdened w/17 million lbs of unsold tea); if it fell apart, London govt would lose a LOT in tax revenue; given complete control of American tea business + able to sell cheaper tea; Americans saw this as a try to trick the Americans into swallowing the principle of the detested tax + thought principle more important than price

Thomas Hutchinson

MA governor; agreed tea tax was wrong, but believed the colonists had no right to change the law; infuriated Boston radicals when he told the tea ships not to go back until everything was unloaded; one of enemies published 1 of his letters saying that he thought Eng laws should be shortened to keep law/order in place

Boston Tea Party

on December 16, 1773; ~100 Boston residents (disguised as Natives) boarded the tea ship, smashed 342 chest of tea, + dumped them into the Atlantic

"Intolerable Acts"

1774; series of laws passed in retaliation of the Boston Tea Party; closed port of Boston until damages were paid (Boston Port Act), revoked several rights in the MA colonial charter (MA Govt Act), enforced officials who killed colonists to line of duty could be sent by to Britain for trials (Administration of Justice Act), + expanded the Quartering Act to allow for lodging of soldiers in private homes; colonists convened the First Continental Congress + complete boycott of British goods in response

Quebec Act

passed in 1774 (same time as Intolerable Acts); allowed Fre residents of Quebec to retain their traditional policies + religious institution (which didn't include representative assembly or trial by jury in civil cases); extended boundaries of province southward to Ohio River; mistakenly perceived by the colonies to be part of Parliament's response to the Boston Tea Party

First Continental Congress

1774; convention of 55 delegates (including both Adams, Washington, + Patrick Henry) from 12/13 colonies (except GA) that met in Philly to craft a response to Intolerable Acts; 7 weeks long + consultative body; delegates established Association + drew up several dignified paper (including The Declaration of Rights)

George Washington

one of the 55 delegates of Continental Congress; during 54 days, only had 9 times to dine in his own lodgings; sent by governor of VA to Ohio Country as lieutenant colonel in command of 150 VA militiamen; when spotted a small group of Fre troops 40 miles from Fort Duquesne, fired the first shot; ended up killing the Fre leader and Fre troops retreated; selected to head army besieging Boston; tall, dignified VA planter, served w/o pay, patient, + never rose above rank of colonel; largest command only ~1200 men; not a true military genius (lost more battles than won) but gifted w/powers of leadership + strength of character

The Association

non-importation agreement crafted during the First Continental Congress calling for complete boycott of British goods (nonimportation, nonexportation, and noncomsumption); delegates did NOT call for independence, but wanted to repeal offense isolation + return to the days w/o taxes; if grievances redress, good, if not, meet again in may 1775

Lexington and Concord

April 1775; British commander in Boston sent a group of soldiers to get gunpowder + bad rebel leaders Samuel Adams + John Hancock; "minute men" refused to spread quickly enough + shots were fired, killing 8 Americans + wounding more; event more like "Lexington Massacre" than battle; redcoats went to Concord, where they were forced to retreat; Britain finally had a war on its hand w/Americans

Hessians

30,000 german soldiers who George III hired to crush rebellious colonists; came from german principality of Hesse; Americans called all Euro mercenaries this; exaggerated reputation for butchery; proved to be good in mechanical sense but they were more concerned about money than duty

Loyalists

50,000 colonists who were loyal to the king; aka "tories" after dominant political faction; 16% of the American ppl + were more numerous among older generations; most numerous in areas where Anglican church as strongest (BYC, Charleston, Quaker Penn + NJ); least numerous in NE where self-govt was especially strong + mercantilism was weak; "no quarter for tories"

Marquis de Lafayette

wealthy young Fre nobleman; fled from boredom, loving liberty (Fre 'gamecock"); made general at 19 years old; recognized cuz of his family influence + political connects; services to secure further aid from Fra were invaluable

Valley Forge

encampment in PA where Washington's poorly equipped army spent a wretched, freezing winter 1777-78; troops went w/o bread for 3 days; some officers appeared wrapped in woolen bed covers; plight of the soldiers reflected the main weakness of American army - lack of stable supplies + munitions

Camp followers

women + children who followed the Continental Army + provided vital services like cooking + sewing in return for rations

Baron von Steuben

German stern drillmaster; whipped thousand of regulators into shape; soldiers of Continental line were more than able to hold their own against redcoats in the end

Lord Dunmore

royal governor of VA; issues proclamation promising freedom for any enslaved black in VA who joined the British army; news traveled fast + in 1 month, 300 slaves joined "Lord Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment"; led black flee from plantations; after the war, 14,000 blacks would be evacuated to Nova Scotia, Jamaica, + Eng

"Minute Men"

20,000 swarmed around Boston to coop up w/outnumbered redcoats during Lexington + Concord (April 1775); known to be ready within minutes to fight/defend

Second Continental Congress

met in Philly (May 1775); all 13 states were represented; conservation element still strong (even tho there were shootings in MA); no well-defined sentiment for independence (just wanted to fight until king + Parliament redressed the grievances); delegates adopted measures to raise money + create army + navy

Ethan Allen

he + Arnold led a tiny American force in May 1775 that surprised + captured British fort Ticonderoga + Crown Point (on lakes of upper NY); gunpowder + artillery found were to be used for Boston siege in the following winter

Benedict Arnold

he + Allen led a tiny American force in May 1775 that surprised + captured British fort Ticonderoga + Crown Point (on lakes of upper NY); gunpowder + artillery found were to be used for Boston siege in the following winter

Fort Ticonderoga

involved in a surprised capture along w/Crown point by Allen + Arnold; located on lakes of upper NY; gunpowder + artillery found were to be used for Boston siege in the following winter; American win

Crown Point

involved in a surprised capture along w/Fort Ticonderoga by Allen + Arnold; located on lakes of upper NY; gunpowder + artillery found were to be used for Boston siege in the following winter; American win

Bunker Hill ("Breed's Hill")

June 1775; colonists seized it; menaced enemy in Boston; British (under General Howe) were blundered bloodily when launched a frontal attack w/3,000 men; Americans were 1500 + moved down advancing redcoats w/frightful slaughter; store of gunpowder ran out, so forced to abandon; British in the end exhausted their forces in America (British win)

"Olive Branch Petition"

Continental Congress adopted this in July 1775 to profess American loyalty to the crown + begged king to end hostilities; king rejects it a month later

Richard Montgomery

Irish-born general who led invading colonists; formerly of British army (was a general); pushed up the Lake Champlain route + captured Montreal; at Quebec joined army of Arnold; failed to land a successful attack on Quebec + killed; whole invasion into Canada was a major failure; Canadians didn't show desire to welcome American colonists cuz of Quebec Act