Chemistry functional groups and homologous series

functional group

an atom or group of atoms that give an organic compound its chemical properties.

hydroxyl group

-OH

What kind of compounds contain a hydroxyl group?

alcohols

amine

R-NH2

Where is the amine group found?

In amino acids

amido

R-C=O-NH2

alkoxy group

R-O-R'

carboxyl group

COOH

carbonyl group (ketone)

C=O. Found in the MIDDLE of a carbon compound (in simple sugars/carbs and contributes to solubility)

Carbonyl (aldehydes)

COH

ester group

COO

Halogeno (group)

Fluoro, bromo, chloro, iodo alkane

phenyl group

C6H5-, Benzene ring attached to a parent compound

Hydrocarbons

Compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen

alkanes

a hydrocarbon containing only single covalent bonds

alkenes

Hydrocarbons with one or more carbon-carbon double bonds

alkynes

hydrocarbons with triple covalent bonds

Saturated

having the maximum number of bonds possible

General formula for alkanes

CnH2n+2

general formula for alkenes

CnH2n

general formula for alkynes

CnH2n-2

general formula for alcohols

CnH2n+1OH

general formula for carboxylic acids

CnH2nO2

general formula for esters

CnH2nO2

general formula for ethers

CnH2n+2O

general formula of amines

CnH2n+3N

general formula of amides

CnH2n+1NO

general formula of aldehydes

CnH2nO

general formula of of ketones

CnH2nO

general formula of halogenoalkanes

C(n)H(2n+1)X where X is a halogen

How do you name alcohols?

no .of carbons prefix + number of the carbon where -OH is + ol

suffix for aldehydes

-al e.g. ethanal

suffix for ketones

-one e.g. propanone

suffix for amines

amine

Suffix for amides

amide

naming compounds with alkoxy group

prefix of hydrocarbon - oxy - full name of hydrocarbon

naming esters

Change the -anol of the alcohol to -yl and the -oic acid of the parent acid to -oate.

CH₃COOCH₃

Methanol + Ethanoic Acid → Methyl Ethanoate

prefix of carboxylic acid

-oic acid

What is the functional group isomer for alcohols?

ethers

What is the functional group isomer for carboxylic acids?

Esters

What is the functional group isomer for aldehydes?

Ketones