11. Problem Solving and Creativity

Problem Solving

The process of overcoming obstacles that block a direct path to a solution.

Problem Identification

The first step in the problem-solving cycle, determining if there is a problem.

Well-Structured Problems

Problems that have clear paths to the solution, such as math problems.

Ill-Structured Problems

Problems that lack clear steps and often require insight or a shift in perspective.

Isomorphic Problems

Problems that look different on the surface but have the same underlying structure.

Incubation

The process of setting a problem aside for a while to allow subconscious processing.

Mental Sets

Approaching problems in familiar ways, even if they aren't effective.

Functional Fixedness

The inability to see an object being used for something other than its intended purpose.

Positive Transfer

When previous experience helps in solving a new problem more easily.

Negative Transfer

When previous experience interferes with solving a new problem.

Divergent Thinking

A strategy that generates many ideas or solutions to a problem.

Convergent Thinking

A strategy that narrows down multiple ideas to the best solution.

Creativity

Producing something that is both original and worthwhile.

Evaluation

The final step in the problem-solving cycle, determining if the problem was solved effectively.

Expertise

Knowledge that is organized into useful chunks and is easily accessible.

Automatic Expert Processes

Steps that experts often automatize through practice, freeing up working memory.