Exam 4 - Female Reproduction

what two processes does the ovarian cycle involve

oogenesis (production of gametes)

folliculogenesis (growth of ovarian follicles)

what phases make up the ovarian cycle

follicular, ovulation, luteal

how many phases are involved in the menstrual/uterine cycle? what are they

3

menstrual, proliferative, secretory

where do oocytes develop and what cells surround them

outer layer of stroma, supporting cells

what makes a follicle

oocyte and supporting cells

the oocytes in the prophase of meiosis are called

primary oocytes (diploid 46X)

once the oocytes enter prophase, they will remain in a ___ state until puberty

suspended

from menarche to menopause, how many ovulation cycles are there

480

when the haploid ovum meets the haploid sperm it forms a diploid cell, what is this process called

fertilization

how long does an ovum live in the female? how long does the sperm live in a female?

24 hours, 48 hours

what do sperm contribute during fertilization

DNA

the cytoplasm and all cytoplasmic organelles in the developing embryo originate from the

mom

what does folliculogenesis lead to

ovulation of 1 follicle (oocyte and its supporting cells)

death of other follicles

the death of the follicles that do not produce the dominant egg for ovulation is called

atresia

stage one of folliculogenesis involves a ___ follicle which is considered the resting state. This is present in newborn females and in the adult ovary. These contain only a single flat layer of support cells called ___ cells

primordial, granulosa

stage 2 of folliculogenesis occurs after ___ begins. Each month a few primordial follicles are turned into ___ follicles that have a single layer of ___ cells that are active and transition and proliferate. As these cells divide, the follicles now become called ___ follicles

puberty, primary, granulosa, secondary

stage 3 of folliculogenesis involves the __ follicles increasing in ___ by forming a new outer layer of connective tissue, blood vessels, and theca cells which work with granulosa cells to produce ___

secondary, diameter, estrogen

the primary oocyte in the secondary follicle begins to secrete a thin acellular membrane called the

zona pellucida

follicles whose antrums become large and fully formed are called ___ follicles

tertiary/antral

several follicles become tertiary follicles but most will undergo what process? what happens to the one that survives?

atresia, develops until ovulation

step 5 of folliculogenesis involves _____ where the secondary oocyte is released

ovulation

in females, what cells produce AMH

granulosa cells in the ovaries

what does AMH in females act as a marker for

number of remaining eggs

low = diminished reserve

high = possibly PCOS

the transition of a primordial follicle to a tertiary follicle takes roughly ___ months

2

how often does the ovarian cycle occur

28 days

what hormones regulate the ovarian cycle

GnRH, LH, and FSH

what does FSH in females stimulate

follicles to grow

estradiol production

in females during weeks 1 or 2 of the cycle, LH is required to stimulate what

ovarian follicles to produce estradiol

in females around day 14 of the cycle, a surge in ___ causes the ovarian follicle to release a mature oocyte, this process is called ____

LH, ovulation

in females week 3-4 of the cycle, the follicles form a corpus ___ which is stimulated by LH to produce ____ which is required for thickening of the uterus

luteum, progesterone

what can act to inhibit secretions of GnRH to produce a negative feedback loop

sex steroids

describe control of ovarian function

1. GnRH causes secretion of LH and FSH

2. LH and FSH increase

3. multiple follicles enlarge and secrete estrogen

4. negative feedback occurs to cause atresia

5. one follicle survives low FSH levels and forms dominant follicle

6. increase estrogen causes positive feedback on GnRH secretion

7. LH and FSH surge

8. ovulation occurs

9. LH $ granulosa and theca cells to become corpus luteum -> secrete estrogen and progesterone (luteinization)

10. fertilization occurs or doesn't = menses occurs

high concentrations of estrogen have what affect on the uterine tube

cause smooth muscle contraction to pull oocytes into tube and move it towards the uterus

what part of the ovarian cycle occurs pre-ovulation? which occurs post-ovulation?

follicular phase

luteal phase

what part(s) of the uterine cycle occur pre-ovulation? which occur post-ovulation?

period, proliferation

secretory