Bio1008 revision lecture 1

Vocabulary style flashcards for review.

Golgi Complex

Organelle primarily responsible for sorting and trafficking of proteins.

Na-K ATPase

Moves Na OUT of cells and K INTO of cells, via active transport.

Calcium (Ca2+) as a second messenger

Cytoplasmic Ca2+ is kept low at rest and can be quickly released into the cytoplasm in response to stimuli.

Positive feedback mechanism

Oxytocin induced uterine contractions during childbirth.

Fed state

Insulin stimulates glycogen synthesis in muscle and liver.

Metabolic events six hours after a carbohydrate-rich meal

Glycogen in the liver is converted to glucose and released into the bloodstream.

Organ most likely to receive the majority of available glucose during the fasting state

Brain.

Primary advantage of using a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) for patients with type 1 diabetes

Enables a patient to better understand their blood glucose responses throughout the day.

Response of brain cells to an increase in extracellular solute concentration

Increase ADH release to retain water in the body.

Part of the kidney nephron where most Na+ is absorbed

Proximal Convoluted Tubule.

Function of albumin in blood vessels

Helps keep water in vessels due to osmotic pressure.

Phase number 7 on an action potential diagram

Repolarisation.

Function of the medulla oblongata

It contains the respiratory and cardiovascular control centres.

Labelled 'A' in a diagram of a synapse

Receptors.

Most likely to stimulate a nerve cell in generating an action potential

An increase in the membrane potential beyond the threshold potential.

Slow twitch muscle fibres

High in mitochondria and high in myoglobin content.

First response from a muscle cell when stimulated by a nerve cell to contract

Release of Ca+ within the muscle cell.

Contractile proteins

When skeletal muscle contracts, myosin heads pull on actin filaments.

Effects of a disease weakening slow twitch muscles

Increased use of oxygen by muscles.

Primary function of osteoclasts

To resorb bone matrix.

Valve that blood passes through before reaching the most muscular chamber of the heart

Left AV (bicuspid) valve.

Mechanism controlling the beating of the heart

It is controlled by electrical signals generated within the heart.

Partial pressure

The pressure exerted by a single gas in a mixture of gases.

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide moving from the bloodstream

Higher in the lungs than the outside atmosphere.

Primary result when the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract

The volume of the thoracic cavity increases.

Why gut microbes are a significant contributor to human nutrition

They contain enzymes to break down nondigestible carbohydrates.

Where in the gut does degradation of fibre primarily occur?

Colon.

Function of the muscularis externa of the digestive tract

It contains layers of smooth muscle that are used for peristalsis.

Where does chemical digestion of carbohydrates via the action of amylase occur?

Oral cavity and small intestine.

When amino acids are combined to form proteins

Anabolism.

How ATP is produced by red blood cells

Glycolysis.

Use of glucose and fatty acids for ATP production

Glucose and fatty acids are utilised for aerobic respiration.

How the body’s organs change their usage of metabolic fuels under starvation conditions

The brain starts utilising ketone bodies.

Primary function of B lymphocytes

To produce antibodies.

Characteristic of the adaptive immune system not shared with the innate immune system

The ability to develop immunological memory.

Why an individual with immunodeficiency might have an increased risk of developing cancer

Their immune system is less likely to eradicate cancerous cells.

Unique characteristic of oogenesis not shared by spermatogenesis

In oogenesis, meiosis is not completed until fertilisation occurs.

Correct sequence of events in development

Cleavage, gastrulation, neurulation, organogenesis.

Regulation of reproduction by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in males

The hypothalamus secretes GnRH that stimulates the anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH.

Percentage of children who would inherit one copy of the recessive sickle-cell disease allele

50%