migration

What is an economic migrant

A person that moves from one place to another for work opportunities.

How has globalisation changed patterns of demand for labour

Shifts in manufacturing jobs from highly developed , high wage paying economies to less developed lower wage laying economies e.g. EU increased demand for regionalised manufacturing workers

Increase international trades has resulted in TNCS in operating in more than one countries and employed international corporate management

How has rural urban migration been encouraged by globalisation

Rapid industrialisation like china created a high demand for worked so met by rural urban migration

FDI in emerging economies created demand for workers in construction and services driving internal migration

migration has led to increased remittances being sent nationally and internationally

What are pull factors that globalisation has made

Imports and exports increasing the opportunities of jobs as there’s investment in trade

How has globalisation created push factors( out of rural)

Mechanisation of agricultural systems creating loss of jobs

Land grabs by government and agribusiness forcing people out of their homes and jobs

What’s the hukao system

A family registration programme that serves as a domestic passport, preventing mass migration from rural to urban areas

How many formal migrant workers are there in china and where are most of them found in?

229.8 million rural migrant workers in china

70% of migrant workers in chinas eastern areas.

How many of chinas rural migrant workers work in manufacturing or construction industries?

Two thirds of china rural migrant workers

How many of chinas rural migrant rural migrant workers work in large or medium sized cities

Two thirds

What are the pull factors of rural to urban migration?

High paid jobs and better quality of life

What are the push factors of rural to urban migration

Improved agriculture technologies from Chinas openness to wider world, so reduced demand for rural labour - mechanisation.

Extreme poverty - 362 million live on less than $2 a day.

Labour surplus in china as there’s few jobs besides farming so workers look to big cities

Poor quality of life

What are the socio-economic impacts of the hukou system on rural to urban migrants

Most live in buildings schedules for demolition - poor living conditions

Families that move together - children lose education, healthcare and don’t belong to city or village

Split families - husbands leave for work, fathers don’t see children often, visit once or twice a year.

Parents hire private tutors for children.

Children left behind with grandparents in village if both parents leave

What’s a floating population?

Chinese citizens with rural citizens and move to urban cities without being registered to have an urban Hukou. They are denied housing, healthcare, education as a result.

What has created a demand for manufacturing labour in China

The global shift in 1970s

What percentage of the global population live outside their country of birth?

3-4%

What’s Singapore’s historical context of becoming a globalised country

Established as a trading colony of the British empire in 1819, attracting labour from china, India and Malay Archipelago, increasing pop to 100,000

Singapore divided into ethnic areas- European town for Europeans and wealthy Asians, Chinatown for Chinese

Industrialised in 1980s from global shift and became one of the East Asian tiger economies

What rank does Singapore hold for globalised countries according 2015 KOF index of globalisation

5th

What’s the ethics makeup of Singapore population

Chinese- 76.8%

Malay- 13,9%

Indian- 7.9%

Other- 1.4%

How many non-resident(temporary immigrants) work in construction and manufacturing

2/3

How many of Singapore’s population is foreign born

48%

Disadvantages for temporary immigrants in Singapore

If an immigrants is fired, they must leave in 7 days .

Regular medical examination for HIV/AIDS

Can’t marry Singaporeans or any permanent residents without permission from work permit controllers and if permission isn’t received, this may result in repatriation

Female work permit holder that are found to be pregnant from compulsory medical screening ,are subject to repatriation

How are highly skilled immigrant workers treated form low skilled ones?

Encouraged to migrate - Singapore has rebranded itself as a ‘Renaissance city’.

Workers have less restrictive work permits and can apply for permanent residency after two years.

How many skilled non-resident workers are in Singapore and why.

22% of non resident population

1990s policies of recruiting from non traditional source countries(UK,USA,France) so majority of skilled workers come from china and India

How many Singaporeans live abroad

192,300

Why does Japan have low population of migrants

Restrictive immigration laws stop Japan’s farms and factories from hiring foreign labour.

strict qualification requirements and complex rules shits out skilled foreign professionals

Survey by a Japanese newspaper showed that 65% of respondents opposed a more immigration policy

2008 Liberla Democratic Party called to accept 10 million immigrants but most Japanese opposed this and the party lost the election.

Why is the majority of Japanese population opposed to immigration

They believe a homogenous population brings racial unification, harmony and cooperation. Immigrants would disrupt society and increase crime.

What’s Japan’s population like?

Ageing pop and shrinking workforce. Estimated 200,000 immigrants a year for fertility rates to be above replacement levels,

How has Japan improved in terms of immigration and what is its critics

2015 - 790,000 immigrants with 40% from china. Foreign trainee programme expanded to helps with construction for 2020 Tokyo olympics

Latter being criticised for exploiting cheap workforce rather than fulfilling aim of giving skills to developing countries.

wthats the Lee model of migration

Explain migration in terms of push and pull factors and intervening obstacles. It suggest that the decision to migrate is based on a balance of positive and negative factors (push and pull).

What are some factors that affect migration and its patterns

Economic motives like job opportunities

Forced migration of African to America

environmental factors - low lying coasts and rising sea levels from climate change e.g. Kiribati to New Zealand. Environmental refugees.

War/conflict - refugees escaping persecution due to their ethnicity, religious belief. They risk dangerous journeys e,g. 10,000 deaths in Mediterranean Sea between 2011-2015

What theories are there to explain reasons for migration?

Neoclassical economic theory

Dual labour market theory

The new economics of labour migration

Relative deprivation theory

World systems theory.

What the neoclassical economic theory

Explains reasons for migration. The most significant push/pull factors are wage differences, which causes migration flows from low wage to high wage areas

What’s the dual labour market theory

Explains reason for migration. Pull factors in developed countries attract migrant workers to fill low skilled jobs because home population don’t want to do this work

What The new economics labour migration

Explains a reason for migration. Migration flows and patterns can’t be explained solely at the level of individual workers and the push and pull factors that cause migration; it is more complex and decisions to migrate is a collective decision made by families. E,g. A household in source country may improve living conditions by using remittances sent by family abroad

what’s the relative deprivation theory

Awareness of income differences between neighbours in a source community is an important factor in migration. Successful migrants can afford better schooling for children and better homes. This encourages them to move abroad.

What’s the world systems theory

Explains a reason for migration. Trade between countries causes economic decline in some so people move to successful countries. After decolonisation, former colonies economically depend on former colonial superpowers which may encourage migration along trading routes. Free trade may encourage people to stay home if they can earn higher wages from new production processes.