Phonological Rules

flap

manner of consonant articulation similar to a stop, but with no air pressure build-up and no air release [ɾ] stressed or unstressed vowel first, stressed vowel after

example of flap

better vs. filter

assimilation

process of making on sound more like a neighboring one with respect to some feature

vowel nasalization

lower velum so air passes through nasal cavity for the vowel before the nasal sound - n, m, ŋ

example of vowel nasalization

man

alveolar nasal assimilation

assimilate to place of articulation of the nasal to follow labial consonant

example of alveolar nasal assimilation

sandwich —> samwich

nasal assimilation

when a sound becomes nasal due to another nasal sound in the word and changes to the place of articulation of the following consonant

example of nasal assimilation

can go —> cam go

palatalization

interaction between front vowels or glide and a neighboring alveolar consonant, resulting in a fricative or affricate palatal consonant

example of palatalization

mature —> machure

voicing assimilation

voicing of voiceless consonants when they appear between vowels

example of voicing assimilation

have to - haf to

dissimilation

process by which two nearby sounds become less alike with respect to some feature

dissimilation of liquids and nasal sounds

when a liquid or nasal consonant changes to a totally different sound

example of dissimilation of liquids and nasal sounds

marmor - marble

dissimilation of fricative sounds

removal of fricative sounds to make pronunciation easier, transitioning to the place of articulation as the proceeding sound

example of dissimilation on of fricative sounds

months - monts

insertion of consonants

consonant with the same place of articulation as the next consonant, inserts a sound to make pronunciation of the vowel easier

insertion of voiceless stop

insertion of a voiceless stop between a nasal and a voiceless fricative with the same place of articulation as the nasal

example of insertion of voiceless stop

hamster - hampster

example of insertion of consonant

thuner - thunder

insertion of /y/

/y/ inserted after initial alveolar consonants and preceding high vowels

example of insertion of /y/

news, tuesday

deletion

process causing a segment present at the phonemic level to be deleted at the phonetic level of a word

deletion of /r/ after vowels

/r/ is deleted after it follows a vowel

example of deletion of /r/ after vowels

car - ca

deletion of fricative next to fricative

deleting of fricative sounds near fricative sounds to make pronunciation easier

example of deletion of fricative next to fricative

fifths-fifs

deletion of like sounds or syllables

repeated consonants r entire syllables containing similar sounds

example of deletion of like sounds or syllables

probably

simplification of consonant clusters

some consonants aren't pronounced when they are in a group

example of simplification of consonant clusters

knight

simplification of syllable-final consonant clusters

the removal of the last sound in a consonant cluster syllable, makes pronunciation easier

example of simplification of syllable-final consonant cluster

fast pitch

fronting

process causing a segment produced in the back of the mouth to change to a segment produced at the front of the mouth

fronting of velar nasal to alveolar nasal

the velar nasal becomes an alveolar nasal

example of fronting of velar nasal to alveolar nasal

running-runnin

fronting in child language

fronting of velar sounds

example of fronting child language

got-dot

fronting of /x/

velar fricative /x/ becomes labiodental fricative /f/

exchanging /s/ and a consonant

exchange often of /s/ and /k/

example of exchanging /s/ and /k/

ask-aks

exchanging /r/ and a vowel

/r/ and neighboring vowel swapped

examples of exchanging /r/ and a vowel

pretty-perty

exchanging syllable onsets

the exchange of syllable sounds in a word

example of exchanging syllable onsets

animal-aminal

multiple rule processes

when one or more phonological variation or change is employed

when is -s pronounced as /s/ ?

voiceless (p, t, k, f, θ)

when is -s pronounced as /z/ ?

voiced (/v/, /d/, /g/, /b/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /r/, /ð/, /ŋ/, vowels)

when is -s pronounced as /əz/?

/s/, /z/, /š/, /č/, /ǰ/, /ž/ = sibilants

when is -ed pronounced /t/?

voiceless (/s/, /f/, /k/, /p/, /š/, /č/, /θ/)

when is -ed pronounced /d/?

voiced (/z/, /v/, /g/, /b/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /r/, /ð/, /ŋ/, /ǰ/, /ž/, vowels)

when is -ed pronounced /əd/?

/d/, /t/

rime

A Vowel and any following consonants of a syllable

nucelus

the vowel

coda

one or more consonants after the nucelus

onset

one or more consonants preceding the nucelus