Ap psychology Unit 11

iceberg analogy

the most important part of the mind is the part you cannot see

unconscious

a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that outside of conscious awareness

subconscious

holds recent memories some repressed that can be harder to recall

conscious mind

contains all of the thoughts, memories, feelings, and wishes of which we are aware at any given moment

Personality structure

consists of three components: Id, Ego, and Superego they are constantly interacting with each other

conflict between biological impulses and societal constraints

sexual desires conflict with one another, with social conventions, and most critically, with reality

id (pleasure principle)

he part of the mind in which __innate__ __instinctive__ __impulses__

superego

the part of a person's mind that acts as a __self-critical__ __conscience__, reflecting social standards learned

ego (reality principle)

strives to satisfy the id's desires in realistic and socially appropriate ways

Personality development

the process by which the organized thought and behavior patterns that make up a person's unique personality emerge over time

psychosexual stages

the oral, the anal, the phallic, the latent, and the genital

erogenous zones

armpits, lower abdomen, mouth, neck, breasts, buttocks, shoulders, lower back, and genitals

oral fixation(0-18 mos.)

an intense or obsessive desire to place various items (some inappropriate) in the mouth

anal fixation(1 ½ - 3)

primarily focused on controlling bowel movements can lead to what Freud called retentive and expulsive personalities

Phallic fixation(3-6)

The child becomes aware of anatomical sex differences, which sets in motion the conflict between erotic attraction, resentment, rivalry, jealousy and fear

Oedipus complex (boys)

becoming subconsciously sexually attached to his mother and increasingly hostile toward his father

identification

an ego defense or mental mechanism through which an individual, in varying degree, makes himself or herself like someone else

latency (6- puberty)

the libido is dormant and no further psychosexual development takes place

genital (puberty- on)

when an individual begins to have strong sexual interest in the opposite sex

Repression

a defence mechanism that "ensures that what is unacceptable to the conscious mind, and would if recalled arouse anxiety, is prevented from entering into it

Regression

an unconscious defense mechanism, which causes the temporary or long-term reversion of the ego to an earlier stage of development

reaction formation (opposites)

a psychological defense mechanism in which a person goes beyond denial and behaves in the opposite way to which he or she thinks or feels EX: Being overly friendly to someone you don't like.

projection

a defense mechanism people subconsciously employ in order to cope with difficult feelings or emotions

Rationalization

which people justify difficult or unacceptable feelings with seemingly logical reasons and explanations.

Displacement

a defense mechanism that involves an individual transferring negative feelings from one person or thing to another

empirically derived

derived from or denoting experimentation or systematic observations as the basis for conclusion or determination

objectively scored

scoring a test by means of a key or formula, so that different scorers will arrive at the same score for the same set of responses

Conscientiouisness

individual differences in the propensity to follow socially prescribed norms for impulse control, to be goal-directed, planful, able to delay gratification, and to follow norms and rules

Agreeableness

the individual's tendency to develop and maintain prosocial relationships

Neuroticism

the trait disposition to experience negative affects, including anger, anxiety, self‐consciousness, irritability, emotional instability, and depression

Openness

a basic personality trait denoting receptivity to new ideas and new experiences

Extraversion

a measure of how energetic, sociable and friendly a person is

Myers-Briggs type Indicator 

an assessment of personality based on questions about a person's preferences in four domains

Extraversion (E)

seen as "outgoing" or as a "people person."

Introversion (I)

energized by spending time alone or with a small group

Sensing (S)

Paying attention to physical reality, what I see, hear, touch, taste, and smell. I'm concerned with what is actual, present, current, and real

iNtuition (N) 

prefer to exercise their imaginations as they seek new ideas and possibilities. They live their day-to-day lives just like any other personality type

Feeling (F)

aware of their emotions, but they are also attuned to emotional nuances and subtleties

Thinking (T)

self-conscious and sensitive to stress. They are likely to experience a wide range of emotions and to be success-driven, perfectionistic and eager to improve

Judgment (J)

prefer clarity and closure, sticking with the plan rather than going with the flow

Perception (P)

approach life and a freewheeling, spontaneous way, preferring to keep their options open than make a clear plan of action

Eysenck's research

argued that much of personality is genetically determined and published several papers on this topic

extraversion and emotional stability

are genetically influenced

extraverts seek stimulation because

of baseline brain arousal

frontal lobe shows

less activity in extraverts

Reciprocal determinism

argues that behavior, cognition, and environment all interact with and influence one another

preconscious

is unrepressed and easily recalled

Electra complex (girls)

becoming subconsciously sexually attached to her father and increasingly hostile toward her mother