HTHS 1110 Weber State University final exam (6-10)

what type of fibers and cells is reticular tissue made of

reticular

which glial cell myelinates nerve axons in the peripheral nervous system

schwann cells

which glial cell regulates ion concentration for neurons in the peripheral nervous system

satellite cells

normal blood calcium is between 8.5 and 10.2 mg/dl. A blood calcium of 12.0 mg/dl would be expected to have what effect on calcitonin

increase calcitonin levels

What is the first part of mitosis when chromosomes first condense into recognizable forms

prophase

during metaphase microtubules extend from the centrosome to the

centromere

Four phases of mitosis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

sperm and eggs are collectively called

gametes

Permanent alterations in DNA make up the:

Epigenotype

Some fruit flies have smooth, normal wings which is called the "wild-type" this is an example of:

Phenotype

Describes the makeup of DNA but not necessarily observable characteristics

genotype

How many possible codons are there

64

Connective tissue:

provides strength and holds organs together

The study of tissues is called

histology

The terms simples, pseudostratified, and stratified refer to whether all cells are in contact with:

apical surface

Epithelial cells that are flat and resemble fish scales

squamous

Epithelial tissue in which only the lowest layer of cells are in contact with the basal lamina

Stratified

epithelial tissue appears to be multilayered, but all cells are in contact with basal lamina

pseudostratified

Epithelial tissue that provides the greatest protection from mechanical injury, such as the skin surface

stratified squamous epithelium

epithelial tissue that forms the skin and mucous membranes

stratified squamous epithelial

tissue found in sweat gland ducts and pancreatic ducts, has multiple layer of cube shaped cells

stratified cuboidal epithelium

excretory ducts of some glands are lined with a multi-layered epithelium in which cells on the apical surface are taller than they are wide

stratified columnar epithelium

type of epithelial tissue that can be ciliated or non-ciliated and forms the lining of the gastrointestinal tract and the uterine tubes

simple columnar epithelium

pertains to exocrine glands but not to endocrine glands

they secrete substances into a lumen of a duct

primary function of glandular epithelium

secretion

type of connective tissue fiber stains with silver salts, helps form supporting stroma for spleen and liver

reticular

This protein forms the bulk of most connective tissues. It is a triple helix which provides strength. It comes in many different forms, called type I, type II, and so forth.

collagen

this type of loose connective tissue can release heat when broken down, providing energy for cells:

adipose

this type of connective tissue is found in the aorta

dense elastic connective tissue

blood and lymph are both connective tissues because they contain...

cells and have an extracellular matrix

tissues which expand and contract use a junction made of the protein cadherin to hold cells together, this junction which functions like a belt holding up pants is the:

adherens junction

cellular junction forms a "spot weld" to hold cells together and protect against mechanical disruption.

desmosomes

the pinkish colour of skin is due to circulating...

hemoglobin

the cells of bone that break down bone matrix in remodeling are called:

osteocytes

the stem cell population of bone is called:

osteogenic cells

this cartilage has a high content of the protein elastin

elastic cartilage

increases in parathyroid hormone levels in the blood would be expected to have what effect on osteocytes?

stimulates osteoclasts

increasing the angle of a joint between articulating bones is an example of

extension

which structure is defined as a long tube of thousands of sarcomeres arranged end to end

myofibril

Confirmed by "image 51" DNA is a:

Double helix

Cloverleaf-shaped RNA which acts as a "truck"

tRNA

This molecule is the genetic material

DNA

Transcription

DNA to mRNA

Code for a protein is found in the:

introns

non-coding RNA

RNA transcription factors

What does replication do to the amount of DNA in a cell

doubles it

What enzyme is used to synthesize the leading strand

DNA polymerase

When DNA is replicated which enzyme prevents stress from building up in the DNA strands as they are seperated

topoisomerase

these immune cells play an important role in inflammation and are found in connective tissue:

mast cells

these cells of connective tissue make collagen and elastin

fibroblasts

this connective tissue protein forms elastic fibers

elastin

how does dense connective tissue differ from loose connective tissue

dense connective tissue has more collagen fibers than loose connective tissue

which type of connective tissue would best enable the stretching ability of arteries

elastic

this type of connective tissue is slow to heal due to a lack of blood supply. it provides strength and resistance to stretching.

dense regular

what bone tissue has complex, regular structure and is arranged in functional units called osteons

compact

this type of cartilage has thicker bundles of collagen fibers it is found in the pubic symphysis and vertebral discs

fibrocartilage

cellular components of blood are referred to as the formed elements. this is because platelets are not true cells; they are cell...

fragments

what are pore-like structures that allow small ions to pass from cell to cell

gap junctions

in the membrane covering the heart, mesothelial cells secrete what fluid

serous

in a serous membrane, mesothelial cells secrete what fluid

serous

the pericardium has two layers, the deepest layer that lies directly on the organ is the...

visceral layer

where are synovial membranes found

in the space between two bones which form a joint

which type of muscle tissue is striated and has branched fibers and intercalated discs?

cardiac

which type of muscle tissue is found in arteries and the gut tube, is voluntary and has a single central nucleus

smooth

the main functional cells of the nervous system are called

neurons

Free and encapsulated nerve endings serve which function of the integument?

sensory perception

keratin, lipid and sebum help provide:

permeability barrier

which layer of the skin contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles and glands

dermis

hair follicles are present in:

thin skin

the epidermal layer immediately superficial to the stratum basale is the:

stratum spinosum

layers of epidermis (deep to superficial)

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

cells in the epidermis that function as light-touch receptors are called:

merkel cells

cells in the epidermis that function to destroy microbes are called:

langerhans cells

the epidermal layer immediately deep to the stratum spinosum is the:

stratum basale

thick skin is primarily located:

in the palms, fingertips, and soles of the feet

which of the layers of the integument is most superficial

stratum corneum

which organelle found in melanocytes transfers the melanin pigments to keratinocytes

melanosomes

the difference between pheomelanin and eumelanin is that:

pheomelanin is yellow to red and eumelanin is brown to black

which skin pigment is a precursor to vitamin a

carotene

the reticular region of the dermis is ..... to the papillary layer

deep

sensors for light touch and for pain, temperature and itch are found in the...

papillary region

goose bumps result from stimulation of...

arrector pili muscles

the subcutaneous layer is made of:

loose connective tissue

the primary cell in the subcutaneous layer is a/an

adipocyte

which layer forms an insulation blanket to help maintain normal body temp

the subcutaneous layer

one of the main differences between apocrine and eccrine sweat is that apocrine sweat contains:

pheromones

the excretory duct of.... terminates on the surface of the skin

eccrine sweat glands

Skin of the axilla and groin contains ____ sweat glands which terminate on hair follicles in those regions

apocrine

eccrine and apocrine are both types of __ glands

sudoriferous

the excretory duct of ___ and___ glands terminates near hair shafts in hair follicles

apocrine sweat, sebaceous

in contrast to eccrine sweat glands, apocrine sweat glands are associated with:

hair follicles

this stage of hair growth cycle is the longest and continues for two-six years

anagen stage

the hair matrix and nail matrix contain:

rapidly dividing cells

a sign of peripheral vasodilation is _____ skin

pink or red

in an effort to dissipate heat from the body's core, blood vessels in the skin will:

dilate

in an effort to conserve heat in the body's core, blood vessels in the skin will:

constrict

yellow marrow sotres:

fat

red marrow produces

blood cells

in compact bone arteries veins and lymphatic vessels are found in:

central canals

this type of cartilage is named for its glassy appearance

hyaline cartilage