Gen Psyc Chapter 2

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40 Terms

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Learning
It is the acquisition of knowledge, values, attitudes, and emotional reactions. It is a long-term change in one's mental representations brought about by an experience.
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Principle
universal and timeless laws of nature
fundamental truths that govern our world
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Theory
an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events
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Soma
Responsible for the health and well-being of the neuron
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Dendrites
Responsible for receiving messages from other neurons
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Axon
Responsible for transmitting messages to other neurons
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Myelin Sheath
Helps in the speed and efficiency of transmission of information within the neuron
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Synapses
contact points between neurons
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Chemical
Kind of energy of information that travels from one neuron to another
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Electrical
Kind of energy of transmission of information within a neuron
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Neurotransmitters
chemicals that travel across the synapses and stimulate the dendrites or somas of neighboring neurons
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10%
Percentage of neurons in the brain
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Glial Cells
Majority of cells in the brain
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White Matter
Glial Cells
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Glial Cell Nutritionist
they control the blood flow to neurons
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Glial Cell Doctor
they tend to infections and injuries
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Glial Cell clean up crew
they dispose of unwanted brain garbage
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hindbrain
part of brain containing medulla, pons, cerebellum
balance and motor behavior
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midbrain
part of brain involved in: vision & hearing; attention & consciousness; alerts us to stimuli
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forebrain
front and upper portion of the brain; complex activity;
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frontal
lobe of brain involved in conscious thinking
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parietal
lobe of brain the interprets somasensory information (pain, temperature, pressure)
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occipital
back part of the brain involved in interpreting and remembering visual info
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temporal
located behind the ears; interpret and remember auditory info; long-term memory
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Limbic system
system in forebrain involved with learning, memory, motivation
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hippocampus
a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage
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amygdala
A limbic system structure involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression.
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thalamus
the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
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hypothalamus
brain region controlling the pituitary gland
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prenatal development
forms 3 chambers; neuron formation & reproduction between 5th - 20th week; majority of neurons we'll ever have is formed here
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infancy & early childhood
between 0-3 months, brain triples in size (proliferation of glial cells); synaptogenesis; differentiation; synaptic pruning; myelination
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synaptogenesis
formation of synapses
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synaptic pruning
the elimination of neurons as the result of nonuse or lack of stimulation
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Differentiation
neurons begin specialization
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myelination
the formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a neuron
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middle childhood up to adulthood
synaptic pruning; hormones; maturation occurs in this stage
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critical periods
times during which certain environmental influences can have an impact on the development of the infant
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sensitive periods
times in development when a person is particularly open to certain kinds of experiences
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experience-expectant
processes of brain development that seem to anticipate experiences that are universal in all normally developing members of our species
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experience-dependent
brain functions that depend on particular, variable experiences and therefore may or may not develop in a particular person