NCM 111 PRELIM PUTANGINA FUCK THIS SHIT

Research

A systematic inquiry that uses disciplined methods to answer questions or solve problems

• Collecting information about a particular subject, careful or diligent search

The ultimate goal of research

To develop and expand knowledge

Health research

Application of principles of research on health, the generation of new knowledge using scientific method to identify and deal with health problems

Problem solving process

Data collection

Problem definition

Goal setting and Identify solutions

Implementation

Evaluate and Revise process

Nursing process

Data collection

Nursing Diagnosis

Goal setting and Identify solutions

Implementation

Evaluate and Modification

Research process

DIfferent sources of knowledge

Problem and purpose identification

Goal setting and Identify solutions

Data collection and analysis

Outcomes and Dissemination of findings

Types of research

Basic and Applied

Basic research

The goal is to advance knowledge

• Conducted to develop, test and refine theories and generate new knowledge,

• Bench research is performed in a laboratory

Applied research

Intended to have a practical outcome

• Seeks to understand a phenomenon or issue to address needs

• often conducted to seek a solution to existing problems

(Apply solution to problem)

Steps in conducting a Basic research

Problem formulation

Research design development

Data collection

Data analysis

Drawing conclusion

Public dissemination of results

Steps in conducting Applied research

Problem assessment

Formulation of an intervention strategy

Implementation

Evaluation

Closure

Documentation of dissemination

Types of study design/Research designs

Quantitative studies

Qualitative studies

Mixed methods research

Research methods

Questions

Data collection

Data analysis

Interpretation

Write-up

Validation

Which philosopher is credited with introducing the concept of 'worldview' (Weltanschauung) and shaping its development in modern philosophy

Immanuel Kant

Nineteenth century worldview philosophers are

G.W.H Hegel (1770-1831)

Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855)

Wilhelm Dilthey (1833-1911)

Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900)

Twentieth century worldwide philosophers

Edmund Husserl (1883-1969)

Karl Jaspers (1889-1976)

Martin Heidegger (1889-1976)

Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951)

Jacques Derrida (1930-2004)

Michel Foucault (1926-1984)

History of concept of worldview in the natural sciences

Michael Polanyi (1891- 1976)

Thomas kuhn (1922-1996)

History of concept of the worldview in the social sciences of Psychiatry/Psychology

Sigmund Freud

Carl Jung

History of concept of the worldview in the social sciences of Sociology

Karl Mannheim

Peter Berger

The concept of worldwide in the science Economics

Karl Marx

Friedrich Engels

The concept of the worldview in the science of Anthropology

Robert redfield

Michael Kearney

The Four worldviews

Postpositivism

Constructivism

Advocacy/Participatory

Pragmatism

Post positivism

Determination

Reductionism

Empirical observation and measurement

Theory verification

• Postpositivist principles are more closely aligned with Quantitative research due to its emphasis on measurable data and empirical verification,

Constructivism

Understanding

Multiple participant meanings

Social and Construction

Theory generation

• Individuals seek to understand their world by developing personal meanings from their experiences, this approach is associated with Qualitative research

Advocacy/Participatory

Political

Empowerment issue oriented

Collaborative

Change-oriented

Arose during the 1980s/1990s

• This approach emerged from concerns that postpositivist assumptions imposed rigid theories that didn't fit marginalized groups or social justice issues, and is more aligned with qualitative research.

Pragmatism (dealing with things sensibly/realistically)

Consequences of actions

Problem centered

Pluralistic

Real world practice oriented

• Focuses on the results of actions and situations rather than the conditions that existed beforehand

  • Mixed methods research is applicable

Sources of evidence for Nursing practice

Tradition and Authority

Clinical experience, Trial and Error, Intuition

Logical reasoning

Assembled information

Disciplined research

Nursing research

A scientific process that validates and refines existing knowledge and generates new knowledge that directly and indirectly influences the delivery of Evidenced based nursing

Purpose of Nursing research

Basic Research

• Enhance the base of knowledge or to formulate/refine a theory

Applied research

• Seeks solutions to existing problems

Research purposes linked to evidence based practice

• Treatment, Therapy, Intervention

• Diagnosis and Assessment

• Prognosis

• Prevention of Harm and Etiology (Causation)

• Meaning and Processes

Evidence based pratice consists of

• Clinical Expertise

• Patient values and preferences

• Best research evidence

Health Research

is the application of principles of research on health, the generation of new knowledge using scientific method to identify and deal with health problems

A problem solving activity that begins with a question in the mind of the researcher and ends when he arrives at the answers to his query, it involves a systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic it is a careful organized and well planned investigation of a problem

Research, defined by Mendoza 2010

Research problem

An area in which there is a gap in nursing's knowledge base

• by implication an area about which the researcher has some curiosity

7 Types of research gaps

• Evidence gap

• Knowledge gap

• Practical knowledge gap

• Methodology gap

• Empirical gap

• Theoretical gap

• Population gap

Gaps in research (Areas in a research where gaps may be observed)

• Method and design

• Variables

• Sampling method

• Data collection

Sources of research problems

• Clinical experience

• Quality improvement efforts

• Nursing literature

• Theories from nursing and other disciplines

• Ideas from reliable external sources

Evaluating research problems

Significance of the problem

• does the evidence from the study have potential to contribute meaningfully to nursing practice?

Researchability of the problem

• Questions of moral or ethical nature cannot be researched

Feasibility of the problem

• SOBRANG GASTOS BA OR KAYA NAMAN?

Researcher interest

• Genuine curiosity about a research problem is important to a successful study

Topic

a phenomenon on which the researcher selects to focus on

Problem statement

Articulates the problem and an argument that explains the need for a study

• addresses the current state of knowledge about a phenomenon for a given population, identifies the gap

sometimes called Significant statement

Statement of purpose

Summarizes the study goal by stating “the purpose of the study was"

• in Qualitative the keyword indicates the phenomenon, group, or setting under a study

• in Quantitative a statement of purpose identifies variables and their interrelationship and the population of interest

Research aims/Objective

The specific accomplishment researchers hope to achieve by conducting the study objectives

Research questions

A concise interrogative statement worded in the present tense, includes one or more of the study's concepts

3 parts of a research question

1 Questioning part

2 Indicates the study variable/population

3 names the population

FINER criteria for a good research question, FEASIBLE

Adequate number of subject

Adequate technical expertise

Affordable in time and money

Manageable in scope

FINER criteria for a good research question, INTERESTING

Getting the answer intrigues the investigator and their friends

FINER criteria for a good research question, NOVEL

Confirms refutes or extends previous findings

• provides new findings as well

FINER criteria for a good research question, ETHICAL

Amenable to a study that institutional review board will approve

FINER criteria for a good research question, RELEVANT

To scientific knowledge, clinical health policy and to future research

Essentials of the research problem statement

Summary of what is known about
the phenomenon of interest,
ending with the research gap

Justification for the importance of
addressing this knowledge gap (the
significance statement)

The population of interest (and
sometimes the setting

Research questions in Quantitative studies

Research questions in Qualitative studies

state the phenomenon of interest and the group/population of interest

Aims

Pertain to the desired output of a study from the researchers point of view

RESEARCH PURPOSES, OBJECTIVES, AND AIMS

refer to what the researcher, intends to accomplish through this study – the reason the study is to be performed

General objectives

Describes in broad terms the purpose of the study

Specific objectives

Identify in detail and in measurable terms the research aims to break down what needs to be done based on the general objective

Constant

A phenomenon whose value stays the same from person to person, time to time, place to place

Variable

a quality, property, characteristic of person or things that changes and is measured in research

Qualitative variable

one whos category is used as label to distinguish one group from another rather than as basis for saying one is greater or lesser than another group

Quantitative variable

one whos category can be measured and ordered according to quantity or amount, value can be expressed numerically.

• Discrete, can assume only integral values or whole numbers

• Continuous- can attain any value including fractions and decimals

Independent variable

presumed to cause, effect, influence or stimulate the outcome

dependent variable

the outcome or responsible variable

Control variable

a variable which by itself may produce changes

• needs to be controlled, held constant or randomized so the effect will be neutralized, cancelled or equated

Demographic variables

Subject characteristics measured during a study and used to describe a sample

Extraneous variable

A variable not central to the study's research purpose but has a potential effect on the results, which makes the independent variable appear more or less powerful than it is

Confounding variable

a special subtype of extraneous variable, it is intertwined with the independent variable

Research variable

Default term used to refer to variables that is intertwined with the independent variable

Modifying variable

Variables that change the strength and sometimes the direction of a relationship between other variables

Mediating variables

intermediate variables that occur as links in the chain between independent and dependent variables

Two types of variables

Conceptually

Operationally

Conceptual variable

known as constitutive definition

the academic or universal meaning attributed to a word or group of words, usually the meaning is understood by many people, may be found in theories but also established through concept

Operational definition

Also termed as functional definition, a definition of a variable in terms of the operations in which a researcher uses to measure or manipulate it

• Measured operational - the way in which the conept is measured in the investigation

• Experimental operational definition - the investigator spells out the details of the manipulation of the variable

Literature review

A written summary of the state of evidence on a research problem

Examples of Literature

Printed and electronic newspapers

Encyclopedias

Conference papers

Scientific journals

Textbooks, other books

Theses, dissertations

Clinical journals

Government and professional organization websites and reports

Purpose of research literature review

To summarize evidence on a topic to sum up what is known and what is not known

• also used to lay foundation for new studies and to help researchers interpret things

Types of information/sources to seek for a research review

Primary source

• First hand reports of facts or findings in research the OG report

Secondary source

• Second hand accounts of events or facts; in research a description of a study prepared by someone else than the OG

Develop a search plan

Before beginning a search, consider what information to seek

• Initial search must be based on the widest possible interpretation of the topic

• this allows for refinement of the topic

Developing a search strategy

Ancestry approach (Footnote chasing)

• Citations from relevant studies are used to track down earlier research

Descendancy approach

• Involves finding a pivotal early study and searching forward to find more recent studies that cited the key study

Search strategies involve

Keywords and subject terms

• Use a combination of keywords and formal subject terms

Authors

• Find articles written by the same person

Complex searches

• combination of complex concepts in one search

Systematically record references

Carefully cite references so readers can retrieve the reference for themselves

• organize information using reference management software

• save original search strategy and arrange for email notifications

Steps in processing the literature

Reading

Appraising and analyzing

Sorting the sources

Synthesizing the sources

Appraising and analyzing sources

1st stage Critical appraisal of individual studies

• Identification of relevant content in the articles and evaluate the rigor of studies

2nd stage making comparisons among studies

• Critically appraise the existing body of knowledge in relation to the research problem

Sorting the sources

Relevant sources are organized for inclusion in the different sections of a research proposal

• sources must provide background and significance of the study

Synthesizing sources

Clarifying the meaning obtained from the sources as a whole

• one can cluster and connect ideas from several sources to develop a personal overall view of the topic

Synthesis of the literature questions to answer

What theoretical formulations have been used to identify concepts and the

relationships among them?

What methodologies have researchers used to study the problem?

What methodological flaws were found in previous studies?

What is known about the problem?

What are the most critical gaps in the knowledge base?

Building the logical argument

Process

• State a claim

• Identify supporting reasons which include adequate information regarding the relevance of the reasons to the claim

• provide evidence so the reader can accept the conclusion

Writing the review of literature must be

Clear, Correct, Concise

• Components of each paragraph

  • Theme sentence

  • Sentences with evidence

  • Summary sentence

Theme sentence

start each paragraph with a theme sentence that describes the main idea of the paragraph or makes a claim

Sentences with evidence

Concisely present the relevant studies as evidence of the main idea or claim

Summary sentence

End the paragraph with a concluding sentence that connects to the next claim and next paragraph

Coverage

Did the writer provide enough evidence

Understanding

Did the written review indicate that the writer has understood and synthesized what is known about the topic?

Coherence

Does the writer make a logical argument related to the significance of the topic and gap to be addressed?

Accuracy

Does the writer’s attention to detail give the reader confidence in the conclusion of the review?

Checking reference

Does every source cited in the text have a corresponding citation on the reference list?

Is every reference on the list cited in the next?

Are the names of the authors correct?

Are the years of publication correct?

Science

The result of the relationship between process of inquiry (research) and product of knowledge (theory)

Values

Actual units of measurement data in their most concrete form

Variables

Components of the indicators which can be measured

Indicators

Phenomena which point to the existence of the concepts

Concept

Building block of the theory

Theory

set of interrelated constructs (concepts) that explain or predict the phenomenon