The Second Industrial Revolution and Modernization

What was the death rate in 1850 Europe?

25/1000

What was the death rate in 1914 Europe?

19/1000

What was the death rate in 1930 Europe?

18/1000

What was the death rate in 2005 Europe?

10.1/1000

What was the life expectancy in 1840?

40

What was the literacy rate at the time of the Second Industrial Revolution?

100% BUT the requirement was simply being able to sign their name, did not mean were fluent in reading and writing.

How often were cholera outbreaks during the Second Industrial Revolution?

every 10 years

What changed about how long people stayed single or in relationships during the Second Industrial Revolution?

People stayed as "singletons" and couples (no kids) longer.

What changed about how marriage during the Second Industrial Revolution?

People married later and purposefully had smaller families (so they were more invested in their kids and their lives).

Reasons for the "Atlantic Migration"

• cheap land
• better wages
• pogroms
• easy because of steamships, railroads, better roads
• rapidly growing population in under developed countries
• emancipated peasants (in 1861, Tsar Alexander II freed the serfs)
• Europe was overcrowded so there was lots of job competition
• potato famine in Ireland
• political enemies were targeted in Germany
• Political revolution in France, Austria, Greece, Hungary

Result of the "Atlantic Migration"

• world Europeanized

How did social classes change during the Second Industrial Revolution?

• middle class split up: upper (business, banking), middle (professional, small businesses), and lower (white collar, secretaries, retail clerks)
• middle class stopped being the revolutionary class because they wanted to protect their wealth
• petit bourgeoisie: lower middle class (white collar) individuals who spent more money than they had on clothes (and more) to keep up appearances (wanted to be middle class), often came from working class families and wanted the best for their kids (like education, something some of them did not have)
• middle class set the societal standards, clashing with mega capitalists
• middle class had the ability to purchase luxuries: electricity, furniture, lots of clothes

A Doll's House by Henrik Ibsen

About bourgeois marriage. Man needs a stable income before marriage + kids.

Criticisms of bourgeois marriage

• came from intellectuals and feminists
• husband had too much control
• not based on love

What did a middle-class woman in the Second Industrial Revolution do?

• usually did not work in public sphere or earn money
• responsible for managing the house (buy furniture + other expenses)
• cared for the children (less kids too), had closer bonds
• did volunteer and charity work → sign of social status because they were well off enough to spend time helping others

Technology, Inventions and Discoveries of the Second Industrial Revolution

• cars
• electricity
• cheaper steel production method (Bessemer)
• growth in hygiene and cleanliness: more sulfuric acid and laundry soap
• chemical research allowed for the discovery of dyes (new fashion) and plastics (but didn't come into use until later)
• new sewage systems (London, for example, had the Albert Embankment along the Thames which dispensed large sewers, gas mains and water pipes into the river)
• public power plants (for electricity)
• telephone
• planes
• telegraph (1835)
• Morse code (1838)
• elevators (Otis)
• typewriter
• aspirin
• bicycle

Impact of the Second Industrial Revolution

• mortality rates went down
• more scientific research (and it became linked with industrial development)
• standard of living improved
• more jobs (typewriters = secretaries, construction of the large inventions)
• better housing (because cities were completely replanned like Paris)
• 1891: Germany united + became #1 in industrialization
• fashion changed with new dyes available and bicycles needed pants to ride on 2 wheels (no more long dresses for women)

What was the steel production in 1860 Great Britain, France, Belgium, and Germany?

125,000 tons

What was the steel production in 1913 Great Britain, France, Belgium, and Germany?

over 32 million tons

How did Urban Life: Advances and Attractions change during the Second Industrial Revolution?

• redesigning cities (Paris)
• parks and public buildings
• sanitation enforced
• new water + sewage systems (London, Paris)
• development of suburbs
• Le Bon Marche: 1st department store, had lots of products to buy
• redesigning cities created lots of public and private jobs
• railway expansion, mechanical (later electrical) trams and subways connected the city to the suburbs where people lived

New Paris

• Napoleon III put Haussmann in charge of the reconstruction program of this
• entire districts destroyed for broad boulevards and streets → able to quickly deploy troops into the streets to put down riots
• eradication of small streets and alleys → no place for barricades
• parks and major public buildings constructed
• construction, demolition, and street building created 1000s of public jobs (also employment in private construction)
• department stores, office complexes, and largely middle class apartment buildings constructed
• late 1870s, mechanical trams in Paris
• 1895, construction of a subway system
• new railway stations linked central city to the suburbs

Examples of Municipal Planning and Reform

• central areas became places for leisure activity, parks, government, commerce, and trade
• Public Health Act of 1848 (Great Britain) + Melun Act of 1851 (France) + various laws in disunited Germany = allowed medical officers and building inspectors to enter homes or other buildings in the name of public health
• 1873 to 1914: Basilica of the Sacred Heart constructed by the French Roman Catholic Church as a national penance for sins that led to a loss in the Franco-Prussian War

Why was the Eiffel Tower in France hated when it was first constructed?

Because of the materials it used up, how tall it was, how it was ruining the skyline, and overshadowed the Notre Dame.

What are some Urban Life issues that remained during the Second Industrial Revolution?

• cholera

• addiction to absinthe (an alcohol)

• prostitution: government starts to regulate because they understood the spread of diseases

• education for women is not required during the 19th cent

How did the urban dwellers in France increase during the Second Industrial Revolution?

from 24% to 40%

How did the urban dwellers in Germany increase during the Second Industrial Revolution?

from 30% to 60%