REVISION- Child language speech

Pre-verbal stages of development

Pre-verbal stages of development

The early stages of language development before a child begins to speak, including vegetative sounds, cooing, babbling, and proto-words.

Grammatical stages of development

The different stages of language development that involve the use of words and sentences, including the holophrastic/one-word stage, two-word stage, telegraphic stage, and post-telegraphic stage.

Functions of language (Halliday)

The different purposes or functions of language according to Halliday, including instrumental, regulatory, interactional, personal, representational, imaginative, and heuristic functions.

Functions of language (Dore)

The different functions of language according to Dore, including labelling, repeating, answering, requesting action, calling, greeting, protesting, and practicing.

Categorizing first words

The four categories of first words identified by Katherine Nelson, including naming, actions/events, describing/modifying things, and personal/social words.

Overextension

When a child uses a single word to refer to multiple objects or concepts instead of using different words for different things.

Underextension

When a child acquires a word for a particular thing and fails to extend it to other objects in the same category, using the word in a highly restricted and individualistic way.

Inflectional morphology

The process of altering a word to make a new grammatical form, such as adding 's' to make a plural or adding 'ed' to make the past tense.

Wug test

A linguistic tool for testing how well children have learned morphemes associated with making nouns plural or verbs past tense, created by Jean Berko Gleason.

Stages of questions

The different stages of question development, including the use of rising intonation, Wh- words, subject-verb inversion, and auxillary verbs.

Stages of negation

The different stages of negation development, including the use of "no/not" at the beginning of a phrase, the use of "no/not" in front of verbs, and the use of negative contractions.

Lee Vygotsky

A theorist who believed that children's play was linked to cognitive and social development, and that props and imagination played a role in language development.

Catherine Garvey

A researcher who studied role play in children and its connection to language development, specifically fulfilling Halliday's imaginative language function.

Behaviorism

The theory that communication is conditioned and shaped by environmental influences, such as imitation, reinforcement, and conditioning.

Skinner

A behaviorist theorist who suggested that children learn through the consequences of their behavior, including positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment.

Nativism

The theory that communication is innate and that all individuals have the inherent ability to communicate.

Noah Chomsky

A key theorist of nativism who argued that language acquisition is activated by minimal environmental stimuli during infancy, and proposed the concept of the Language Acquisition Device (LAD).

LAD

The Language Acquisition Device, an innate tool found in the brain that encodes the major skills involved in language learning, focusing on the encoding of grammar.

The critical period

The period of time during which individuals have the ability to acquire language based on age, typically in the early years of life.

Universal grammar

A set of language rules that all children are born with an innate ability to acquire, develop, and understand.

The Wug Test

An experiment conducted to study language acquisition in children and their ability to apply grammatical rules to new words, supporting Chomsky's theory of innate language understanding.

Virtuous errors

Non-standard forms in language development that display internal logic and intelligence, according to Chomsky.

Cognitivism

The theory that creating knowledge and intelligence is an active process influenced by cognitive development, emphasizing the understanding of meaning behind language.

Piaget

A cognitive theorist who suggested that children's intelligence undergoes changes as they grow, and that cognitive development is related to acquiring knowledge and building mental models of the world.

Stages of cognitive development

The different stages of cognitive development according to Piaget, including sensorimotor, pre-occupational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages.

Social Interactionism

The theory that cognitive development is influenced by social and cultural factors, emphasizing the significance of conversing with more knowledgeable individuals and collaborative learning.

Jerome Bruner

A social interactionist theorist who proposed three levels of learning:enactive, iconic, and symbolic, suggesting that language development is deeply interconnected with cognitive development.

MKO

More Knowledgeable Other, a caregiver or individual who plays a role in a child's linguistic development.

Zone of Proximal Development

The difference between what a learner