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Gatekeeping
Controlling access to groups, communities, organizations, etc.
Families as a unit of consumption
Industrialization radically changed the family form to this (from families as a unit of production). Buying the newest goods to solidify the good provider role
Geeksploitation
Taking advantage of no-collar employees who desired creative work, friendly workplaces and the sharing of knowledge
Iron cage of bureaucracy
Excessive rationality of the system leads to following the system to meet the ends and justify the system
Generalized reciprocity (Swyers)
Exchanges with others without the expectation of immediate return
Max Weber and power
Weber argues that power is the ability to exercise one’s will over others. This is accomplished through authority; the acceptance by people to follow specific procedure.
Credentialism
The overemphasis on a credential (college degree) to indicate qualification or status
The credential does not necessarily correspond to an equal increase in job requirements
Social capital
The relationships, norms, and trust between individuals that facilitate action in others
Durkheim-Sacred vs. profane
Sacred : Spaces and practices that are considered extraordinary and special. These tend to bring about unity within groups
Profane : This is mundane and ordinary. Tends to be individual, not group, concerns
Frederick Winslow Taylor (Taylorism)
Time motion studies to find the most efficient method to complete a task
Nuclear family
The nuclear family model (father, mother, child) is the best for contemporary industrial society
Wedding industrial complex
Chrys Ingraham argues that marriage is promoted by financial interests.
Increase markets = increase profit, the merging of industry with social rituals surrounding marriage
Prescriptive structure
Clear cut rules as to who holds which position and how much power they have within the group
Species being
[Karl Marx] Production (work) is an expression of life. People find their humanness through free and meaningful work
Industrial time
The rationalization and standardization of society necessary for capitalist economies
Imagined communities (Benedict Anderson)
Benedict Anderson argues that national identities are imagined communities and the result of socio-political constructions
the rise of nations after the feudal era required a sense of unity
Nations are too large for everyone to know, or come into contact with, other members of the group (nation)
Individuals “imagine” that there is something that binds people together, e.g. borders, ideas, cameraderie
Propinquity
James Bossard found that the nearness and repeated interaction influences mate selection
Service sector economy
Taking care (Swyers)
Expressing an interest or concern for others; e.g. The Regulars, the team, Wrigley Field
Fictive kin
Unrelated individuals that share emotion ties that are characteristic of family relationships
Semiotics
System of signs that provide meaning and are accepted by members of the group
Functionalist view of family
Family is the keystone of society
Traditional gender roles are necessary for the proper functioning of the family unit
The nuclear family model is the best for contemporary industrial society
Marriage is the only state in which procreation should occur
The weakening of the family structure is the root of many social problems like poverty, juvenile delinquency, sustance abuse, teen pregnancy, women in the workplace and adultery
Changes in society are the result of change in the family structure
The Second Shift
Hochschild argues that the second shift is the extra, non-paid work that women perform as being a working mother including
making breakfast for everyone
being the go-to parent for appointments
thinking about cooking every meal
cleaning & laundry
No-collar workers
Workers that seek meaning and satisfaction from their job
New (gig) economy
Gesellschaft
(society)
Social relations motivated through Kurville (arbitrary will). Interactions are marked by being indirect, impersonal, and self-interested
Feminist view of family
Family structure must adapt so as to provide a safe and nurturing space for all family members
Changes in the family structure are the result of changes in other social structure; economy, education, workplace, etc
Social problems are not a direct result of changes in the family form
Performative structure
Structure created through accepting roles and establishing rules, no formal coordination
Collective effervescence
A feeling of belonging through collective ritual action
Positive rites
Actions that are expected to be performed and carried out by members of the group or society
Positive rites offer a sense of agency over actions that are beyond the control of the individual(s) and the group
“Success” reinforces the practices of the group
Cult of domesticity
The belief that true womanhood centers on child rearing and domestic duties
Underemployment
Not working the desired amount of time (hours) or work that doesn’t utilize one’s full abilities or skills
Serial monogamy
The practice of an individual marrying several times but only after each prior marriage has ended in death or divorce
Negative rites
Actions that are considered taboo by the group or society and should be avoided.
Violation of a negative rite is taboo.
A practice that goes against the beliefs and norms of the group
Emotional cultures
The rituals and practices that become sacred and special for one's self and group
family reunions, special holiday meals, special outings
Hochschild points out that
can change over time
not all activities need to be sacred as they are often routine
Gemeinschaft
Community. Social groupings motivated by Wesenwille (essential will) between members, personal relationships that are founded on traditional rules, natural emotions, and sentiments
Superstition
Repeated patterns of behavior that follow no logic or reason
Marriage markets
Industrial time (Swyers)
Family as a unit of production
Pre and early industrial families worked together to provide a sustainable lifestyle
Industrialization removes the father from the home
Good provider (male role that emphasizes the husband as primary economic provider)
Caregiver (female role that emphasizes the wife as responsible for wellbeing of the family
Remarriage as an incomplete institution
Cherlin
Family relationship are framed on first, never divorces, marriages
Remarried families face more barriers than first marriage families
Remarried families are at a greater risk for another divorce + taboo
Charismatic authority
Based on dynamic personality and personal qualities
Boundary-less career
Job offered in the new (gig) economy that provides freedom to employees
Advantages
Transient relationships between different employers
portable skills and flexible opportunity
Disadvantages
Lack of stability
Possible lack of benefits or intermittent benefits
Max Weber; types of authority
Weber argues that power is the ability to exercise one’s will over others. This is accomplished through authority; the acceptance by people to follow specific procedure
Hierarchy
Ranking of members in social groups by power, influence, dominance and ability
The narratives in the bleachers help to establish hierarchy within the community
The most senior member sits in the death seat
Even as an informal community and group, The Regulars seem to have an organizational and hierarchical structure
Wealth work
Jobs that cater to the wealthy
Working poor
Those persons who work but still fall below the official poverty line
Boundary maintenance (Swyers)
The ways in which societies and groups maintain distinctions between themselves and others
Free trade
Policies based on open, non-discriminatory, trade i.e. little to no tariffs and taxes on imports or exports
No-fault divorce
Marriage is a legal contract recognized by the state
To break the contract one of the parties must file some grievance or harm
1969 Governor Reagan of California signs the no-fault divorce bill into law
The idea behind no fault divorce is to make the process less adversarial
Arlie Hochschild (emotional geography)
Home (Sanctuary) ←→ Work (Stressful)
Homogamy
The tendency to select mates/partners based on similarities
Likeness in education level, income level, religion, race, ethnicity, phenotype
Rituals (Swyers)
A set of actions performed for the symbolic value
Often actions prescribed by the traditions of a community
Rituals signify membership to the group. Building a sense of belonging
Rituals provide an identity within oneself and others as being part of the community or group
Occupational sex segregation
Concentration of men or women into fields dominated by one sex
Invisible labor
The unseen and unpaired work that is put in to maintain the family
basic caregiving, including for aging parents/relatives
general chores around the house
Women conduct 66% of those activities
Driving children to and from activities
Narrative
The creation of meaning through stories that define out lives
The regulars create their community through sharing stories from the bleachers throughout history
Off-shoring
The decision to move part, or all, of a company’s operations overseas so as to minimize costs
Division of labor
Separating the work process into different tasks that can be performed by separate persons or groups
For Adam Smith:
Produce goods in an efficient manner
Reduce the cost of goods
Reduce the amount of time a person must work
Create an enjoyable lifestyle for all
A standard currency as a medium of exchange replaces the inefficient barter system
Footing (Swyers)
The interaction, gestures AND the implicit understanding of the relationships of all people in the community, group, society
Footing is necessary for ritual and group cohesion
The framework that allows individuals to understand the situation
Taboo
A ban or prohibition of a behavior or utterance imposed by a social group
Conditions of possibility
Allows for changes over time and help to shape the bleacher community
Outsourcing
Contracting out, or doing jobs elsewhere, that were done in house
Two-tier economy
Economy divided into 2 separate groups
Generally lower earnings, few or no workplace benefits and less stable employment
Higher earnings, workplace benefits and more stable employment
Displacement effect
Automated technologies that replace individuals but generally are no more productive than the worker
Industrialization
The transition of an economy primarily based on agriculture to one based on manufacturing
The shift resulted in changes to:
Growing rationalization; e.g. time clocks, regimented work, standardization
Family structures, i.e. institutionalizing the good provider and care-giver roles
Changes in consumption patterns
Bureaucracy (Weber)
The bureaucracy is the best for operating large organizations
The bureaucracy relies on:
Strict rules and regulations
Promotion based upon merit
Decisions without emotion
Power residing in the office and not the person
Fair trade
Trade agreements that seek equity in the international markets. Policies that promote decent working conditions and “fair” prices for farmers/workers
Post-industrial economy
The service economy
Economy focused on providing services rather than producing goods. The service economy is marked by
Lower wage jobs
Greater employment instability
Reduction in benefits
Americans work more hours and take fewer vacation days than workers in other industrialized countries. Possible reasons
trends towards salary work
trends towards overtime work
need for two jobs
Pink collar workers
Jobs that are predominantly held by women and usually compensated at lower rates than are jobs held by men
Signifying contract
The requirement, or obligation, to behave in ways that reflect the values of the group
Note 
Flashcard (75)